Wednesday, January 22, 2020
Facts about Ecstasy :: essays research papers
     Ecstasy, or MDMA, has become a major drug problem in the last few years. Although it is widely used, it has been proven to be dangerous. Ecstasy is a designer drug, which means it is synthetically made by street chemists. These people are not usually certified chemists and are in it for the money. This makes taking E even more dangerous. Ecstasy effects are very similar to Amphetamines and speed. Although the chemical structure is not similar to these other drugs, the effect on the body is the same. This is an informational article and in no way endorses the use of ecstasy, since it is a dangerous and illegal drug. NAMES      Ecstasy, since it is highly illegal, naturally has many names to cover its true identity. Ecstasy is also known as MDMA, pills, Adam and eve, X, E, Ecstacy, XTC, or Adam. Some fake-ecstasy drugs can be bought over the counter, such as Cloud 9, or The Pill. These are herbal fakes, and are considered by experts to not be anything like ecstasy in its true form. They may say they are ecstasy, but they really aren’t.                     DOSAGE      A average person must take 100-159 milligrams orally to feel the full effects of this drug. The drug works quickly, and effects will be noticed about forty-five minutes later. As with other drugs, if it is smoked, snorted, or injected, it will work quicker. The physical effects generally last about eight hours. The mental effects can last much longer, with them trailing off around one or two days.                     MENTAL EFFECTS      The mental effects of ecstasy are sometimes hard to describe since they are mental feelings. Scientists have classified the major mental effects of ecstasy. Entactogenesis is the first major effect of ecstasy when people feel that everything is right and good with the world. They also find interest in common everyday objects. They just have a general happy feeling. Empathogenesis is the next major effect of ecstasy; it is seems to create a feeling of closeness to others and a breakdown of communication barriers. So it seems to make you be much for open with people than before. This effect probably helped ecstasy earn its name of the Love Drug.                     PHYSICAL EFFECTS      MDMA can create any number of physical effects such as dizziness, accelerated heartbeat, sweating, insomnia, incessant talking, euphoria are all experienced. Many users report a loss of judgment, which can threaten physical health. Almost every user of ecstasy has major loss of body fluid through sweating.
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
Choose One of the Following Models of Psychosynthesis
Choose one of the following models of psychosynthesis: (a) subpersonalities, (b) ‘I’ and the sense of identity, (c) the egg diagram. Discuss and critique its usefulness as a tool for understanding your own development and its possible application to clinical work. This essay will choose to discuss model (b) ‘I’ and the sense of identity, particularly in relation to the work of John Firman.This essay aligns with the definitions of â€Å"I†and Self as outlined by Assagioli (1965), that â€Å"I†is one’s sense of personal self, the centre of our consciousness and will, and not to be confused with the psychological contents of consciousness. Assagioli recognized a powerful integrative principle acting within the human psyche – the Self, stating that â€Å"I†is a â€Å"projection†or â€Å"reflection†of Self, seeing Self as the Ground of Being, the luminous Source from which our being flows.I agree with Firmanâ €™s (1997) singular use of the term Self to refer to the entirety of â€Å"I†s deeper being. Through the process of psychosynthesis, Assagioli believed that the â€Å"I†could become freed up to establish itself as an autonomous centre serving the Self, and it is this â€Å"freeing up†of â€Å"I†from its surrounding â€Å"contents†, including its many constellations of personalities, known as subpersonalities in psychosynthesis, that can allow for a person’s authentic sense of identity to emerge.This essay will focus on the fundamental nature of empathy in psychosynthesis thought, as an inherent quality of â€Å"I†, with its source in Self, and how, through the emerging sense of my own sense of â€Å"I†, the development of my own personal centre, this psychological tool assisted in my understanding of my own development, and was in fact utterly key to it. I will then discuss and critique the â€Å"I†s possible appl ication to clinical work, especially in relation to the importance of developing empathy.Empathy in this sense refers to the potential of â€Å"I†to be fundamentally loving towards all aspects of the personality (Firman and Gila 2007). This emergence of â€Å"I†may be seen as the heart of psychosynthesis therapy, and the pre-requisite for authentic self-expression in the world, as Assagioli affirms, â€Å"I am a living, loving, willing self†(Assagioli 1973, 156).It is precisely the ability of the therapist to provide an authentic unifying centre for the client that Assagioli emphasized as imperative to the development of personal identity, seeing such a unifying centre as â€Å"An indirect but true link, a point of connection between the personal man and his higher Self, which is reflected and seen in that object†(Assagioli 1965,25). Thus, the empathic, relational interaction with such an external unifying centre conditions the formation of an inner r epresentation or model of that centre, which can be called an internal unifying centre.In this sense the inner centre becomes capable of fulfilling the same function as the external one. In psychosynthesis, the â€Å"I†is taken as the sense of identity with its roots in Self. Assagioli (1965) affirmed the essential unity of â€Å"I†and Self, but he was also careful to maintain a distinction between them, since â€Å"I†is one’s personal sense of self flowing from the more universal nature of Self. In psychosynthesis, it is this relationship, between â€Å"I†and Self, that forms the very ground of Self-realization, defined here as one’s sense of authentic relationship.Assagioli’s insight into the nature of personal identity, or â€Å"I†, is central to psychosynthesis thought, and he was also clear not to confuse such personal identity with organizations of psychological content. Rather he saw â€Å"I†as distinct but n ot separate from any contents of experience, from any and all processes or structures of the personality†(Firman & Gila 2007, 9). One primary way Assagioli stressed to reveal the nature of â€Å"I†, was through introspection, an act of self-observation, attending to the ever arising contents of experience in consciousness. †¦the point of pure self-awareness (the â€Å"I†), is often confused with the conscious personality just described, but in reality it is quite different from it. This can be ascertained by the use of careful introspection. The changing contents of our consciousness (the sensations, thoughts, feelings, etc) are one thing, while the â€Å"I†, the self, the centre of our consciousness is another. †(Assagioli, 1965, 18). Here, a clear distinction is made between one’s sense of identity and one’s personality, a central and profound distinction within psychosynthesis thought.I began my own personal journey with a gre at need to establish my own sense of identity. I had a very broken experience of self that many times led me into a crises of identity. It was through the practice of introspection, or self-attention, in the form of continuous attention to the consciousness â€Å"I†, or the inner feeling â€Å"I†, that I developed my own sense of self. In my teenage years, my sense of identity would constantly move through what was for me, a very fragmented terrain of personality, and I had a very fragile connection to an authentic centre of identity within my personality matrix.Through the process of self-attention, I was able to establish an authentic sense of identity. Once this sense of â€Å"I†had been established as a â€Å"good enough†sense of self within me, a process of self-empathy could develop as a result of this, providing me with an â€Å"internal holding environment†(Winnicot 1987, 34), of empathy and love, an internal unifying centre, a ground fr om which to include ever more of my experience, allowing me greater exploration of self, and a centre from which to form such experiences into creative expression in the world.This leads onto one of the most useful aspects of this model in my experience, which is the concept of disidentification, a necessary requisite of empathic love. This refers to the capacity of â€Å"I†to not get stuck in, identified with, any particular contents of experience, such as thoughts, feelings, sensations, subpersonalities, etc, but rather to be able to shift and move through them all (Firman & Gila 2007).My personal practice of attention to the inner feeling â€Å"I†acted for me as an external unifying centre, that over time, coupled with my own therapeutic experience, became the internal holding environment of my own authentic sense of â€Å"I†. Through this psychosynthetic approach to identity, one may come to discover that one is not what one sees, that is the contents of c onsciousness, but rather, one is the seer themselves, the point of pure consciousness embodied within the various contents.Through this capacity of the â€Å"I†to be distinct but not separate from such contents of consciousness, the possibility of self-empathy may be born, whereby one learns to enter into a relationship with all parts of oneself, experiencing each, without losing one’s inherent sense of identity. This was of invaluable use to me in my development as it allowed me to find an anchor as it were, a point of stability, within an ever changing flow of experience.And for me, it was this process of disidentification that allowed me to disentangle myself from â€Å"survival personality†(Firman & Gila 1997), that defensive part of me that had formed as a result of not being â€Å"seen†and validated as an â€Å"I†when I was a child, due to what self-psychology calls â€Å"empathic failures†in my early holding environment. In my ca se this was due to a mother who â€Å"saw†me through a projection of her own self thus resulting in my own core essence not â€Å"being seen†.This led to deep â€Å"primal wounding†in me, and from this it becomes clear how Assagioli’s â€Å"introspection†may serve as part of what can heal such â€Å"primal wounding,†which Firman and Gila define as â€Å"an experienced disruption in the empathic mirroring relationship between the personal self or â€Å"I†and Self†(Firman & Gila 1997, 89). This may allow for a sense of continuity of being to be established, since the I-Self connection is that essential empathic connection, hinting at the relational source of human being.In my experience, one of the potential dangers of this model is that the concept of â€Å"I†may be taken literally, as a thought, rather than as a person’s authentic experiential centre of being. Here, a danger is that the tool of disidentific ation could act as a further form of dissociation rather than allowing space for the deeper vulnerabilities of the personality. For me, this manifested in that I would identify with the pure â€Å"I†as a single and specific mode of experience that rendered other modes remote, becoming a further aspect of my â€Å"survival personality†.However, since disidentification has been defined as â€Å"simple, introspective, self-empathic witnessing†¦. founded in the transcendence-immanence of â€Å"I†– the ability of â€Å"I†to be distinct, but not separate from the contents of awareness. †(Firman & Gila, 1977, 56), it is identification, and not disidentification that is the dynamic underlying dissociation. It is important here to bring in the concept of subpersonalities, that may be defined as the â€Å"many constellations of thought, each composing an identity†(Ram Dass, cited in Firman & Gila 1977,63), since the theoretical istinc tion between one’s authentic sense of identity and the many â€Å"subpersonal†identities is essential in psychosynthesis. Firman & Russel (1994) use the concept of â€Å"authentic personality†when referring to this â€Å"empathic reaching†within oneself to realize the authentic, whole expression of one’s essential nature or â€Å"I-amness†, which they argue is akin to the true â€Å"inner child†; and they distinguish between what they call one’s true personality â€Å"core†, and the varying â€Å"ego-states†or subpersonalities.Psychosynthesis therapy is able to provide a powerful environment of support and nurturance for the emerging sense of a client’s authentic â€Å"I-amness†, allowing for the client’s self-expression to begin to express their â€Å"true nature†, rather than their sense of identity and self-expression being based on an unconscious attempt at self-defence.So these ideas are very useful in relation to understanding how a person’s authentic sense of â€Å"I†or identity can become enmeshed in â€Å"survival personality†due to childhood wounding, and how, through the therapeutic experience of an â€Å"authentic unifying centre†, and a â€Å"holding environment†that fosters authentic, spontaneous expression of self rather than defensive focus on survival, the emergence of authentic â€Å"I†may emerge as the central feature of a person’s personality and identity, potentially allowing them a more creative and authentic life in the world.The point here is that identity is relational, and not an isolated event, and thus, a clinical setting may provide a holding environment that may allow for a â€Å"good enough†healing of a person’s I-Self connection to allow for enough personal continuity of being, begetting a stronger path of self-actualization. In my experience, my own therapist p rovided me with an external unifying centre that has continued to be a powerful centre for me and my journey into authentic relationship (Self-realization).My own psychotherapy became for me my first relational experience that allowed me to feel â€Å"seen†. â€Å"When I look, I am seen, therefore I exist. †(Winnicot, 1988b, 134), and thus begun my work of personal psychosynthesis with grounded and self-actualizing potency. For me, I realized that my true work lay in the mastery and integration of my total being â€Å"around the unifying centre of the â€Å"I††(Assagioli, 1965, 51).Chris Meriam (1996) makes it clear, as already discussed, that the first principle of empathic enquiry, applied to ourselves, is our willing exploration of our subjective world as a way of understanding that world, holding ourselves as â€Å"I†distinct but not separate from all that we encounter. â€Å"When we relate to ourselves in this way – simultaneously t ranscending and engaging the vast array of psychological content†¦we become more deeply self-understanding, self-empathic†(Chris Meriam 1996, 18).Applying this to a clinical setting, Meriam speaks of the inner world of the client being engaged in much the same way allowing for the emergence of their own â€Å"I†and authentic sense of identity. In this sense, the therapist remains distinct but not separate from the client’s world, also taking the same stance towards the clients â€Å"issues†. It is referring to this capacity of empathic â€Å"I†that Firman & Gila (2007) speak of â€Å"I†as â€Å"transcendent-immanent†.This ability to â€Å"hold†the client in their â€Å"I-amness†allows them the opportunity for empathic engagement with â€Å"any and all†of their subjective experience. Thus, the emerging sense of empathic â€Å"I†that is given possibility through psychosynthesis therapy, allows a c lient to bring to awareness unconscious identifications that may be functional within their psychological patterning, constricting their consciousness and inhibiting their growth. In this vein, Assagioli writes, â€Å"We are dominated by everything with which our self becomes identified†(Assagioli 1965, 22).Here Assagioli is speaking of unconscious identification where we have become â€Å"captured†by our subjective world rather than standing in a â€Å"free†position to it. So the empathic â€Å"I†or personal self of the therapist allows the therapist to offer interventions based on an emerging understanding of the client’s subjective world as an interpenetrating mixture of higher, middle, and lower unconscious material â€Å"-of personal and transpersonal activities and states of awareness-all underscored and held together by a deeper empathic Self. (Chris Meriam 1996, 16) Here again, it is worth noting the potential danger of an individual m isusing the idea of transcendence as a form of â€Å"spiritual bypassing†(Firman & Gila 2007) of certain unwanted identifications or more â€Å"difficult†psychological content, thusly ignoring the deeper â€Å"transcendent-immanent†capacity of empathic â€Å"I†to engage in the full exploration of subjective experience.It is to be aware that withdrawal from psychological content as a form of avoidance is dissociating from the very ground of empathic relationship, and thus, authentic personal sense of identity is â€Å"disconnected†. However, within proper use of empathic â€Å"I†is held the tremendous potential that can be offered through the clinical setting in relation to the development of a person’s â€Å"I†and sense of identity.Here, as Chris Meriam (1996) notes, not only is â€Å"I†inherently of empathic nature, but also includes qualities of observation and awareness, responsibility, power, and choice. †Å"I†has consciousness and will. These potentialities of â€Å"I†, ever in line with true psychosynthesis, allow for the possibility of an ever deepening sense of identity and self-knowledge, an ever deepening degree of self-realization, and an ever widening field of authentic self-actualization, as one learns to express oneself with, and be guided by, integrity and creative self-expression in the world.In conclusion, it is clear how utterly central the â€Å"I†and sense of identity are to psychosynthesis and psychosynthesis therapy. In my own case, the profound insight into â€Å"I†underpinned my connection not only to my own inner and authentic sense of self, helping me distinguish between â€Å"I†and my â€Å"community of selves†, but also how it also lay down the foundations of my authentic relational experience with others.In this light, I feel that one of the major aspects of this model, is the understanding of the I-Self relationshi p as â€Å"containing†the very source of empathy, and thereby situating the very â€Å"heart†and â€Å"core†of personal identity as an empathic and relational experience, rather than an isolated event of personal liberation independent and detached from the relational field altogether, as posed by so many traditional spiritual paths. Also, through â€Å"I†s empathic presence in a clinical setting, and with applied echniques such as personal â€Å"introspection†, psychosynthesis therapy may allow for an ever more authentic and emerging sense of self within the client. Here the main point brought forth is that the psychosynthetic, psychotherapeutic relationship â€Å"works†, fundamentally, because of its allowance and nurturing of the clients emerging sense of empathic â€Å"I†, ultimately fostering the development of an internal unifying centre and the subsequent development of authentic personality. Taking this further, we might co nclude that empathy is the key to understanding our connection to all forms of life and all existence. We may even have a keen sense that everything from the tiniest particle of sand to the most distant star is held together in empathic wholeness. †(Chris Meriam 1965, 23) Thus, may â€Å"I†offer not only one’s authentic sense of identity, but â€Å"I†may also be the very point of relational connection itself, and the very heart of communion with All-That-Is.
Sunday, January 5, 2020
Analysis Of Ibsen s A Doll House - 848 Words
Honey, You are a Doll Nineteenth century women were viewed by society as possessions to their husbands and less capable than the male race. This era of women were thought to be only capable of simple tasks like house work and being a mother. This role is very evident in Ibsen’s â€Å"A Doll House†, but Ibsen shows the multiple ways his female characters could get their way even though they are oppressed. In â€Å"A Dolls House†the females may have been the underdog but they showed that they knew how to get what they wanted. Females of the era were making sacrifices because of the way society viewed them. Women have to make conscious decisions throughout their lives such as nobility, but they also had to make sacrifices because they have limited legal rights and limited influence. Young women of the nineteenth century always wanted to find their one true love, as long as that love is within her standards. These ladies cared about what class the male of their liking was in, it was not socially acceptable to marry down. No matter if it is love or not these women did not care they assume that the better man is the one in a higher class, but as Nora learns that the higher men do not like to play nice. In â€Å"A Doll house†Nora is a submissive to her husband, but soon to find out that she is capable of so much more than just house work. Torvald teases Nora but she does not mind because she is pampered, and treated highly because of their social class. Until Nora realizes what is really goingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House 1823 Words  | 8 PagesA Doll House is a play that was written by Henrik Ibsen in 1879. Nora Helmer is a wife and mother who secretly loaned money to save her husband’s, Torvald, life. Torvald views a nd treats Nora has a doll and she goes along with it. As conflict comes and goes Nora decides that her current life is not what she wants for herself. She no longer wants to be anyone’s â€Å"doll†and decides to leave her family in search of independence. This play was controversial during the time it was written becauseRead MoreAnalysis Of Ibsen s A Doll House 1776 Words  | 8 PagesAnalysis of Ibsen’s â€Å"A Doll House†In 1879, Ibsen wrote â€Å"A Doll House†. This play lets you get an understanding of what it was like back in that era. You get an eye opener to how much things for woman have changed since that era. Ibsen wanted us to understand that a woman cannot be herself in modern society since the 1879 era was and exclusively man society. He wanted us to understand how Nora, the nanny, and Linde all made scarifies for the ones that they love and over their own real wants. InRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House 1152 Words  | 5 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll House†addresses the importance of the roles women play throughout this time period. Women are thought to be like â€Å"dolls†to their husbands, by obeying their commands and keeping a good image. We see the main character, Nora Helmer struggle to keep her perfect image of a great wife as troubles start to arise. Throughout the play we begin to see Nora push through her troubles and f ind her true identity, Nora shifts from being the loving, perfect wife, to being a strongRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House884 Words  | 4 Pagestransform minor lies such as white lies into something more dangerous. When one works to conceal a lie, a cloud of deception hangs over those involved and can lead to the destruction of friendships, relationships, and even marriages. In Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House, he uses the motif of lies and deception to illustrate the fragileness of the Helmer’s marriage, which ultimately leads to its demise. Nora Helmer, a naà ¯ve woman who has never been given the chance to mature into an independent woman, never revealsRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House995 Words  | 4 Pagesguiding the integration of all these elements belongs to the director. One of the toughest tasks of a director is to reinvigorate a socially important and renowned production while maintaining its original message and composition. Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House is a socially important realistic play that portrays the gender dynamics that plagued the nineteenth century and questions the expectations held for women in a household and society. The play is still incredibly influential because the issues itRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House 851 Words  | 4 PagesHenrik Ibsens’s, A Doll House, details the lives of the Helmers, a seemingly perfect couple. As the story progresses from act to act, it becomes quite obvious that their relationship is everything but perfect. Com plications arise quickly when a forged loan by Nora Helmer is brought to her husband Torvald’s attention. The prejudices women experience, particularly, Nora is a definite tone in this play. Henrick Ibsen does a great job at showing both sides of the oppression of women, particularly withinRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House 1472 Words  | 6 Pages â€Å"A Doll House†Playing many different characters is what Henrik Ibsen’s meant to do in A Doll House. The main characters fool people into believing they are someone other than their true selves. Nora plays her role flawlessly as she pretends to be living two different lives. Nora is Torvalds devoted and self-indulgent wife, but naively enough, she doesn’t realize she is a courageous, self-sufficient women. As the character’s progress so does Nora’s personality, she goesRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House 924 Words  | 4 PagesHenrik Ibsen once wrote a play called â€Å"A Doll House.†Back in 1879 when the play was written there was lots of controversy on whether are not they play should have been showed. It created lots of arguments because of the time that they play was done (Hemmer). In the time frame that Ibsen wrote his play it was a time where women really had no say. Women would listen to their husbands and do as they say. At the end of the original play Nora, the main character, left her husband and her kids. Ibsen onceRead MoreAn Analysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House1460 Words  | 6 Pagesthe idea of a female president. Traditionalist opposition has women body shamed into the fixed standard of beauty being the skinny Caucasian blonde. People still look down on women in troubled relationships as being their fault. Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House puts into criticism the problems brought by traditionalism though the story between Torvald and Nora. Where Nora has to keep a secret how she saved her husband’s life to save her marriage, because she fears a woman helping a man would shame himRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House 1154 Words  | 5 Pagessacrifice mean? Is it important? Sacrifice can be defined as an act of immolating someone or something. Will one might think it depends on the person to decide on the importance of the sacrifice? In light of this play, â€Å"A Doll Houseâ₠¬ written realistically by Henrik Ibsen, he has portrayed many symbols throughout the play. One of the many symbols that stood out was sacrifice. Clothing also symbolized some importance in the play and the Tarantella dance as well. However, what exactly is a symbol
Saturday, December 28, 2019
Witch Hunts The Witchcraft Act Of 1542 - 1007 Words
The idea of witchcraft was a frightening thought for many villagers that believed sorcery existed. A person who possessed magic and power was branded a witch and was considered evil. The evil they used had caused fear and lead to the belief that they were bonded with the Devil. Their magic could control the mind and body of the innocence, objects, and could even be used to inflict death. Since witches disguised in human form, it was very hard to depict who was and was not a witch. Therefore, when an unforeseen phenomenon occurred, such as sickness in animals or the devastation of crops, many concluded that there was a witch walking amongst them. The willpower to capture and punish witches lead to the formation of witch-hunters (Mastin,†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, if it was decided that less harmful offenses occurred then the convicted would be punished by a term of imprisonment (Queen Elizabeth I passed the Witchcraft Act of 1562, 2017). When Queen Elizabeth Iâ⠂¬â„¢s reign came to an end in 1603, the laws she had enforced into government were reformed by James I. Consequent to Elizabeth I’s death in the 16th century, James I claimed the throne of England and became the ruler of the land. He had a firm belief that the powers bestowed upon him derived from God and that he did not have to answer any man beneath him. As a result, James I reformed the laws that was governed by Queen Elizabeth I by broadened the Witchcraft Act of 1563 to include the death penalty to anyone who invoked evil spirits or communed with familiar spirts. The Witchcraft Act of 1563 was renamed An Act Against Conjuration, Witchcraft and Dealing with Evil and Wicked Spirits (Trueman, 2016). During the 16th century, witchcraft have become more prevalent spreading throughout parts of England. In 1612, one of England’s most infamous cases of witchcraft was reported in Lancashire, England. The infamous witch trial had tried two separate families, the Pendle Witches and the Samlesbury Witches (Lancashire Witch Trials, 2014). The Pendle Witches, twelve witches who resided in the Pendle Hil section of Lancashire, were charged with murder of ten people by
Friday, December 20, 2019
French Feminist Olympe De Gouges Sermonized - 1279 Words
Amidst the French Revolution, French feminist Olympe de Gouges sermonized to women: â€Å"Oh women! Women, when will you cease to be blind? What advantages have you gathered in the Revolution? A scorn more marked, a disdain more conspicuous. During the centuries of corruption you only reigned over the weakness of men. Your empire is destroyed; what is left to you then? Firm belief in the injustices of men. . . . Whatever the barriers set up against you, it is in your power to overcome them; you only have to want it.†(de Gouges). As the battle for equality of men spread throughout France with the Declaration of Rights of Men drafted, people were coming to the realization that the majority of men did not want to extend the rights they fought for in the French Revolution to the people they fought alongside with, women. Despite the efforts of women and a minority of men, the feminist fight was not strong enough due to French conservatism, lack of supporters, and radical behavior exemplified by women. The French Revolution was a period of social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, carried forward by Frenchmen and women seeking their rights that had been neglected by their monarch. Men all over France assembled together and ignited their own war against the king through their written projects and revolts. While the men partook in the revolts, women were relied upon to uphold their job and maintain the household. More specifically, women customarily
Thursday, December 12, 2019
The Federal Reserve And The Financial Crisis free essay sample
The book is very good written and it explains his ideas clearly. After each lecture there is a question and answer section and the book is basically divided into two parts. The first two provide a background to the last two lectures who focus on how the Fed dealt with the crisis and the recovery. The author starts by talking about the origins and evolution of central banks. He explains how the central bank is not a regular bank; its a government agency, and it stands at the center of a countrys monetary financial system.There are exceptions where they have currency union, where a number of countries hare a central bank, like the European Central Bank that share the Euro as their common currency. He explains that central banks have two main missions; the first is to try to achieve macroeconomic stability and to maintain financial stability. The tools the central bank uses to achieve these two objectives. We will write a custom essay sample on The Federal Reserve And The Financial Crisis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the economic stability side, the main tool is monetary policy. They can raise or lower short-term interest rates by buying and selling securities in the open market.The other tool for dealing with financial panics or financial crises is the provision of liquidity. In order to address financial stability concerns, one thing they do is make short term loans to financial institutions, these can help calm the market and its called lender of last resource. There is a third tool that most central banks have, which is financial regulation and supervision. Trying to keep the financial system healthy so that the chance of a financial crisis occurring in the first place is reduced.Central banks have been around for a very long time. The Swedes set up a central bank in 1668 and the bank of England was founded in 1694. He also talks about how financial panic is sparked by a loss of confidence in an institution and panics can be very serious problems, if one bank is having problems, people at the bank next door may begin to worry as well. A financial panic can occur anytime you have an institution that has longer-term liquid assets and is financed on the other side of the balance sheet by shot term liabilities such as deposits.The Federal Reserve was founded in 1914 and both concerns about macroeconomic stability and financial stability motivated this decision to create it. After the Civil War there was no entrap bank, so any kind of financial stability functions that could not be performed by the treasury had to be done privately. Financial panics in the U. S. Were a big problem in the period of the restoration of the gold stander after the Civil War in 1879 through the founding of the Federal Reserve. After the crisis Of 1907, Congress began to think that maybe they needed a government agency that could address the problem of financial panics.So a 33-volume study was prepared for the Congress about Central banking practices, and Congress moved toward creating then a central bank in 1914. For most of the period from after the civil War until the 1 sass, the U. S. Was on gold standard, which is a monetary system in which the value of the currency is fixed in terms of gold. Unfortunately gold standard was far from a perfect monetary system. Volatility in output variability and year-to- year movements in inflation were much greater under the gold standard.There were many things wrong with the gold standard; yet another one was the speculative attack, where banks only kept a fraction of the gold necessary to back the entire money supply. The only thing about the gold standard was hat over long periods of time prices were quite stable. In the late 19th century, there was a shortage of gold relative to the economic growth and since there was not enough gold the U. S. Economy was experiencing deflation. So the gold stander created a lot of problems and was motivation for the founding of the Federal Reserve.In 1 929 the world was hit by the first great challenge to the Federal Reserve, the Great Depression and unfortunately the Fed failed both on its monetary policy mission and on its financial stability mission. On the monetary policy side, the Fed did not ease monetary policy as you would expect it to in a period of deep recession and in its job of being lender of last resource it responded inadequately to the bank runs, essentially allowing a tremendous decline in the banking system as many banks failed, and as a result, bank failures swept the country.When Roosevelt came he did two things that helped fix the problems cause by the Feds. One was the establishment of deposit insurance and the other one was abandoning the gold standard for good. The Federal Reserve failed in their first challenge in both pars of its mission but these lessons are g oing to e carried away trough time. Some of the things they learned from were that they didnt use monetary policy aggressively to prevent deflation and it didnt perform adequately its function as a lender of last resort.The congress revised the Federal Reserve Act approved in 1913 to lessen the independence of the Reserve Banks and concentrate power in the Board of Governors in Washington. Nonetheless between asses t asses the Federal Reserve was subservient to the Treasury. After the World War two, and a lot of struggle, the Fed was finally successful in its campaign to regain its independence to use its interest rate tools to fight inflation. In the 1 asss and sasss the Feuds primary concern was macroeconomic stability and there was a lot of growth occurring.Starting in the mid sasss, monetary policy became too easy and this led to a wave in inflation that only got higher between 1965 and 1982. He said there was many factors for this Great Inflation, like the Feuds cooperation with the Treasury in funding debt and p rice controls. The author commends Paul Blocker for breaking the inflation strike with his policies from 1979 to 1982. This led to what Was known as the great Moderation, which was a very real phenomenon in where both growth and inflation were more stable to a remarkable extent. Brackens then starts talking about the Great Recession and the 2007 -? 2008 financial crisis.He talks about the mortgage crisis and the policies undertaken by the Fed to mitigate it. The crisis was a reflection of the vulnerabilities of the private sector, which were excessive debt, failure of banks to monitor risks, a lot of short-term funding, gaps in regulation, etc. The financial crisis of 2008 was not a normal banking crisis because it was centered in the non-bank financial yester. The collapse of Lehman led too massive global financial market panic and the Fed created special liquidity facilities to provide funding to the money markets. Facilities for broker dealers, asset backed securities and many other institutions were created. Once the crisis was over, the author describes how the tools of monetary policy were used to prevent a repeat of the Great Contraction. The Fed cut its federal funds rate aggressively in 2007 and then again in 2008 almost to zero. He says that under his watch in 2012 the Fed adopted a 2 percent inflation target and also commitment to keep monetary policy simulative until unemployment was reduced to the natural rate it was supposed to be.
Wednesday, December 4, 2019
Operation All the Procedures That Are Required To Process
Question: Operation All the Procedures That Are Required To Process Discuss ? Answer: Introduction: Operation indicates all the procedures that are required to process and deliver any product or service. There are three major sectors in an organization, such as- finance, operation and marketing (Armony et al., 2015). Operation plays the most crucial role in the development of any organization. Operational management (OM) department of an organization concentrates on manufacturing of products and services and distributes those products. The functions of operational management include planning, coordinating, controlling, organizing. BHP Billiton is a leading Australian mining company that deals with several metals, petroleum products. It has been founded in 1885. Headquarter is situated in New South Wales, Australia. It is considered as a huge profit making organization of Australia. BHP Billiton is known as one of the largest export and import companies. It exports huge amount of oil to United States ("bhpbilliton.com", 2017). The below mentioned articles has focused on supply and value chain management and other aspects of operation management of BHP Billiton. It has discussed various operation management activities of BHP Billiton. Supply Chain Management: Supply chain management plays a crucial role in the development of any organization. It is one of the key components of operation management. Operation management departments pay more attention to maintain an active and strong supply chain management (Bahmani-Firouzi Azizipanah-Abarghooee, 2014). Being a leading mining company, BHP Billiton maintains a strong supply chain management and maintains healthy relation with each of the raw material suppliers and distributors. BHP Billiton depends on importing oil from India and export oil to United States. In order to achieve desired target the organizational management of BHP Billiton maintains healthy relation with all the suppliers. The operation manager of BHP Billiton maintains communication with raw material suppliers to ensure uninterrupted supply of raw materials. The primary objective of the operation management department of BHP Billiton is to serve quality service and products to its consumers. To achieve the objective the oper ation management department concentrates on establishing a strong relation with all the members of the supply chain management. The operation management department of BHP Billiton maintains strong relation by several contractual agreements (Bice, 2014). Value Chain Management: Value chain management refers to all those activities that an organization performs to deliver a product or service to the consumers or to the market. Value chain includes strategic planning, manufacturing and transportation. It plays a significant role in achieving target of any organization. Operation management of BHP Billiton focuses on maintaining an active value chain. The organizational management makes some efficient strategy to manage value chain in an effective manner (Mzembe Meaton, 2014). They incorporate all modern and unique techniques to maintain an active value chain, as it is highly responsible for the success of the organization. After receiving raw materials from the suppliers the management delivers those materials to the firm where products will be processed. To maintain an uninterrupted production procedure it is highly important for the employees to participate in the procedure actively. The organizational management of BHP Billiton encourages all the staff me mbers to contribute for establishing a bright future for the organization. There is sufficient transport system by which the organizational management delivers their product to the market after the production procedure. Appropriate OM Framework: While establishing organizational strategy, the organizational management must consider the fact that to enhance the profit margin of the organization effective techniques must be implemented. The organizational management must realize that by applying effective strategies and techniques expectation level of the consumers can be matched. In order to achieve desired position organizational management must overcome all the challenges that have been faced by the organization. The operation management department must use all kind of communication tool to communicate with the suppliers and distributors (Mohammadi, Soleymani Mozafari, 2014). It will help the organization to maintain a strong supply chain and influence the growth of the organization. To influence the productivity of the organization, the organization must build a strong bonding with the employees. Employees are considered as an important pillar of the organization. The organization must appreciate their employees for short term achievement. It will motivate the employees to provide their best performance to achieve long-term goal Description of the Organization from the OM Perspective: BHP Billiton, being a leading mining company of Australia as well as world has successfully managed all its operations. The development of the organization is highly dependent on these operations. Operation management department of BHP Billiton supervises all its activities to ensure a flawless service to its consumers (Parsons, Lacey Moffat, 2014). They maintain a transparent relation with all its suppliers and consumers. Consumers pay close attention to the requirements of their consumers. It helps the m to identify their flaws and improve their performance. The operation management maintains various contractual agreements with their suppliers to avoid any kind of miscommunication. The primary objective of the operation management department of BHP Billiton is to overcome all kinds of challenges that may be faced by the organization in between manufacturing procedure and delivery of the product to the market. The responsible staff members of BHP Billiton concentrate on development of the productivity so the organization can match the expectation level of the consumers. Consumers in recent time have become very much particular about the quality of their product. It has become very important for every organization to provide a flawless service to their consumers. It is highly beneficial for the organization to beat all its rival companies and satisfy its consumers. The operation management department of BHP Billiton is aware of the fact. They always try to provide flawless service and products to their consumers. In order to achieve the target they implement all the required strategies and techniques that can be helpful for the development of the organization. Although, there are some flaws that can be harmful for achieving organizational goal To resolve those issues the operation management department must perform more effectively (Moffat Zhang, 2014). OM Activities: Members of operation management department of BHP Billiton plays significant role in the development of the organization. There are some sectors in which they participate to help the organization to earn desired position in the society and survive in the battle with other rival companies. Some of them are as follows: Planning: The operation management department actively participate in the establishing a strong plan to achieve desired target. Planning is considered as the initial stage for carrying out any kind of agenda. It helps the organization to perform systematically to earn the organizational goal. The staff of operation management of BHP Billiton includes all the required strategies into their rule book that can be beneficial to achieve the desired position in the society (Krajewski, Ritzman Malhotra, 2013). Supply Chain Management: Being one of the leading export and import company, BHP Billiton deals with many national and international suppliers. To maintain a strong supply chain the staff members of operation management department concentrates on maintaining a transparent relation with all the suppliers. They maintain contractual agreement with their suppliers to prevent any kind of risk like miscommunication, misunderstanding. It helps them to earn the faith of the suppliers and influence the commitment of the suppliers towards the organization. Employee relation: The operation management department of BHP Billiton maintains a transparency level with their employees as well. They encourage their employees to participate in the production procedure (Dobele et al., 2014). Employees are often motivated by the operation management department to give their best performance for the betterment of the organization. The operation management department helps their employees to improve their performance quality. Transport System: Transport system plays a crucial role in the success of the organization. It helps the organization to deliver the raw materials in the firms and deliver the processed products to the market. The operation management department of BHP Billiton pays close attention to maintain an uninterrupted transportation system so they can deliver their products to the consumers within time. They focus on improving the transport quality to ensure the organizational success. In order to achieve the desired target the operation management team implements all modern and effective technologies. It helps the organization to earn faith of the consumers by delivering them products in an appropriate manner (Binz et al., 2014). Conclusion: As per the previous discussion, it can be concluded that being a leading mining industry of Australia, BHP Billiton maintains healthy relation with their national and international suppliers. The organizational management pays special attention to maintain healthy and interactive relation with their suppliers, employees and consumers. They implement all kind of required strategies to improve the quality of their products and services. There are various sections on which the operation management department pays close attention to achieve desired target, such as- planning, supply chain managements, value chain management. They participate actively in all these sections to provide an uninterrupted and flawless service to its consumers. In this competitive era, it has become very important for every organization to deliver a flawless service to its consumers to match the expectation level of the consumers and survive in the race with other rival companies. 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