Witch Hunts The Witchcraft Act Of 1542 - 1007 Words

The idea of witchcraft was a frightening thought for many villagers that believed sorcery existed. A person who possessed magic and power was branded a witch and was considered evil. The evil they used had caused fear and lead to the belief that they were bonded with the Devil. Their magic could control the mind and body of the innocence, objects, and could even be used to inflict death. Since witches disguised in human form, it was very hard to depict who was and was not a witch. Therefore, when an unforeseen phenomenon occurred, such as sickness in animals or the devastation of crops, many concluded that there was a witch walking amongst them. The willpower to capture and punish witches lead to the formation of witch-hunters (Mastin,†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, if it was decided that less harmful offenses occurred then the convicted would be punished by a term of imprisonment (Queen Elizabeth I passed the Witchcraft Act of 1562, 2017). When Queen Elizabeth Iâ⠂¬â„¢s reign came to an end in 1603, the laws she had enforced into government were reformed by James I. Consequent to Elizabeth I’s death in the 16th century, James I claimed the throne of England and became the ruler of the land. He had a firm belief that the powers bestowed upon him derived from God and that he did not have to answer any man beneath him. As a result, James I reformed the laws that was governed by Queen Elizabeth I by broadened the Witchcraft Act of 1563 to include the death penalty to anyone who invoked evil spirits or communed with familiar spirts. The Witchcraft Act of 1563 was renamed An Act Against Conjuration, Witchcraft and Dealing with Evil and Wicked Spirits (Trueman, 2016). During the 16th century, witchcraft have become more prevalent spreading throughout parts of England. In 1612, one of England’s most infamous cases of witchcraft was reported in Lancashire, England. The infamous witch trial had tried two separate families, the Pendle Witches and the Samlesbury Witches (Lancashire Witch Trials, 2014). The Pendle Witches, twelve witches who resided in the Pendle Hil section of Lancashire, were charged with murder of ten people by

French Feminist Olympe De Gouges Sermonized - 1279 Words

Amidst the French Revolution, French feminist Olympe de Gouges sermonized to women: â€Å"Oh women! Women, when will you cease to be blind? What advantages have you gathered in the Revolution? A scorn more marked, a disdain more conspicuous. During the centuries of corruption you only reigned over the weakness of men. Your empire is destroyed; what is left to you then? Firm belief in the injustices of men. . . . Whatever the barriers set up against you, it is in your power to overcome them; you only have to want it.† (de Gouges). As the battle for equality of men spread throughout France with the Declaration of Rights of Men drafted, people were coming to the realization that the majority of men did not want to extend the rights they fought for in the French Revolution to the people they fought alongside with, women. Despite the efforts of women and a minority of men, the feminist fight was not strong enough due to French conservatism, lack of supporters, and radical behavior exemplified by women. The French Revolution was a period of social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, carried forward by Frenchmen and women seeking their rights that had been neglected by their monarch. Men all over France assembled together and ignited their own war against the king through their written projects and revolts. While the men partook in the revolts, women were relied upon to uphold their job and maintain the household. More specifically, women customarily

The Federal Reserve And The Financial Crisis free essay sample

The book is very good written and it explains his ideas clearly. After each lecture there is a question and answer section and the book is basically divided into two parts. The first two provide a background to the last two lectures who focus on how the Fed dealt with the crisis and the recovery. The author starts by talking about the origins and evolution of central banks. He explains how the central bank is not a regular bank; its a government agency, and it stands at the center of a countrys monetary financial system.There are exceptions where they have currency union, where a number of countries hare a central bank, like the European Central Bank that share the Euro as their common currency. He explains that central banks have two main missions; the first is to try to achieve macroeconomic stability and to maintain financial stability. The tools the central bank uses to achieve these two objectives. We will write a custom essay sample on The Federal Reserve And The Financial Crisis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the economic stability side, the main tool is monetary policy. They can raise or lower short-term interest rates by buying and selling securities in the open market.The other tool for dealing with financial panics or financial crises is the provision of liquidity. In order to address financial stability concerns, one thing they do is make short term loans to financial institutions, these can help calm the market and its called lender of last resource. There is a third tool that most central banks have, which is financial regulation and supervision. Trying to keep the financial system healthy so that the chance of a financial crisis occurring in the first place is reduced.Central banks have been around for a very long time. The Swedes set up a central bank in 1668 and the bank of England was founded in 1694. He also talks about how financial panic is sparked by a loss of confidence in an institution and panics can be very serious problems, if one bank is having problems, people at the bank next door may begin to worry as well. A financial panic can occur anytime you have an institution that has longer-term liquid assets and is financed on the other side of the balance sheet by shot term liabilities such as deposits.The Federal Reserve was founded in 1914 and both concerns about macroeconomic stability and financial stability motivated this decision to create it. After the Civil War there was no entrap bank, so any kind of financial stability functions that could not be performed by the treasury had to be done privately. Financial panics in the U. S. Were a big problem in the period of the restoration of the gold stander after the Civil War in 1879 through the founding of the Federal Reserve. After the crisis Of 1907, Congress began to think that maybe they needed a government agency that could address the problem of financial panics.So a 33-volume study was prepared for the Congress about Central banking practices, and Congress moved toward creating then a central bank in 1914. For most of the period from after the civil War until the 1 sass, the U. S. Was on gold standard, which is a monetary system in which the value of the currency is fixed in terms of gold. Unfortunately gold standard was far from a perfect monetary system. Volatility in output variability and year-to- year movements in inflation were much greater under the gold standard.There were many things wrong with the gold standard; yet another one was the speculative attack, where banks only kept a fraction of the gold necessary to back the entire money supply. The only thing about the gold standard was hat over long periods of time prices were quite stable. In the late 19th century, there was a shortage of gold relative to the economic growth and since there was not enough gold the U. S. Economy was experiencing deflation. So the gold stander created a lot of problems and was motivation for the founding of the Federal Reserve.In 1 929 the world was hit by the first great challenge to the Federal Reserve, the Great Depression and unfortunately the Fed failed both on its monetary policy mission and on its financial stability mission. On the monetary policy side, the Fed did not ease monetary policy as you would expect it to in a period of deep recession and in its job of being lender of last resource it responded inadequately to the bank runs, essentially allowing a tremendous decline in the banking system as many banks failed, and as a result, bank failures swept the country.When Roosevelt came he did two things that helped fix the problems cause by the Feds. One was the establishment of deposit insurance and the other one was abandoning the gold standard for good. The Federal Reserve failed in their first challenge in both pars of its mission but these lessons are g oing to e carried away trough time. Some of the things they learned from were that they didnt use monetary policy aggressively to prevent deflation and it didnt perform adequately its function as a lender of last resort.The congress revised the Federal Reserve Act approved in 1913 to lessen the independence of the Reserve Banks and concentrate power in the Board of Governors in Washington. Nonetheless between asses t asses the Federal Reserve was subservient to the Treasury. After the World War two, and a lot of struggle, the Fed was finally successful in its campaign to regain its independence to use its interest rate tools to fight inflation. In the 1 asss and sasss the Feuds primary concern was macroeconomic stability and there was a lot of growth occurring.Starting in the mid sasss, monetary policy became too easy and this led to a wave in inflation that only got higher between 1965 and 1982. He said there was many factors for this Great Inflation, like the Feuds cooperation with the Treasury in funding debt and p rice controls. The author commends Paul Blocker for breaking the inflation strike with his policies from 1979 to 1982. This led to what Was known as the great Moderation, which was a very real phenomenon in where both growth and inflation were more stable to a remarkable extent. Brackens then starts talking about the Great Recession and the 2007 -? 2008 financial crisis.He talks about the mortgage crisis and the policies undertaken by the Fed to mitigate it. The crisis was a reflection of the vulnerabilities of the private sector, which were excessive debt, failure of banks to monitor risks, a lot of short-term funding, gaps in regulation, etc. The financial crisis of 2008 was not a normal banking crisis because it was centered in the non-bank financial yester. The collapse of Lehman led too massive global financial market panic and the Fed created special liquidity facilities to provide funding to the money markets. Facilities for broker dealers, asset backed securities and many other institutions were created. Once the crisis was over, the author describes how the tools of monetary policy were used to prevent a repeat of the Great Contraction. The Fed cut its federal funds rate aggressively in 2007 and then again in 2008 almost to zero. He says that under his watch in 2012 the Fed adopted a 2 percent inflation target and also commitment to keep monetary policy simulative until unemployment was reduced to the natural rate it was supposed to be.

Operation All the Procedures That Are Required To Process

Question: Operation All the Procedures That Are Required To Process Discuss ? Answer: Introduction: Operation indicates all the procedures that are required to process and deliver any product or service. There are three major sectors in an organization, such as- finance, operation and marketing (Armony et al., 2015). Operation plays the most crucial role in the development of any organization. Operational management (OM) department of an organization concentrates on manufacturing of products and services and distributes those products. The functions of operational management include planning, coordinating, controlling, organizing. BHP Billiton is a leading Australian mining company that deals with several metals, petroleum products. It has been founded in 1885. Headquarter is situated in New South Wales, Australia. It is considered as a huge profit making organization of Australia. BHP Billiton is known as one of the largest export and import companies. It exports huge amount of oil to United States ("bhpbilliton.com", 2017). The below mentioned articles has focused on supply and value chain management and other aspects of operation management of BHP Billiton. It has discussed various operation management activities of BHP Billiton. Supply Chain Management: Supply chain management plays a crucial role in the development of any organization. It is one of the key components of operation management. Operation management departments pay more attention to maintain an active and strong supply chain management (Bahmani-Firouzi Azizipanah-Abarghooee, 2014). Being a leading mining company, BHP Billiton maintains a strong supply chain management and maintains healthy relation with each of the raw material suppliers and distributors. BHP Billiton depends on importing oil from India and export oil to United States. In order to achieve desired target the organizational management of BHP Billiton maintains healthy relation with all the suppliers. The operation manager of BHP Billiton maintains communication with raw material suppliers to ensure uninterrupted supply of raw materials. The primary objective of the operation management department of BHP Billiton is to serve quality service and products to its consumers. To achieve the objective the oper ation management department concentrates on establishing a strong relation with all the members of the supply chain management. The operation management department of BHP Billiton maintains strong relation by several contractual agreements (Bice, 2014). Value Chain Management: Value chain management refers to all those activities that an organization performs to deliver a product or service to the consumers or to the market. Value chain includes strategic planning, manufacturing and transportation. It plays a significant role in achieving target of any organization. Operation management of BHP Billiton focuses on maintaining an active value chain. The organizational management makes some efficient strategy to manage value chain in an effective manner (Mzembe Meaton, 2014). They incorporate all modern and unique techniques to maintain an active value chain, as it is highly responsible for the success of the organization. After receiving raw materials from the suppliers the management delivers those materials to the firm where products will be processed. To maintain an uninterrupted production procedure it is highly important for the employees to participate in the procedure actively. The organizational management of BHP Billiton encourages all the staff me mbers to contribute for establishing a bright future for the organization. There is sufficient transport system by which the organizational management delivers their product to the market after the production procedure. Appropriate OM Framework: While establishing organizational strategy, the organizational management must consider the fact that to enhance the profit margin of the organization effective techniques must be implemented. The organizational management must realize that by applying effective strategies and techniques expectation level of the consumers can be matched. In order to achieve desired position organizational management must overcome all the challenges that have been faced by the organization. The operation management department must use all kind of communication tool to communicate with the suppliers and distributors (Mohammadi, Soleymani Mozafari, 2014). It will help the organization to maintain a strong supply chain and influence the growth of the organization. To influence the productivity of the organization, the organization must build a strong bonding with the employees. Employees are considered as an important pillar of the organization. The organization must appreciate their employees for short term achievement. It will motivate the employees to provide their best performance to achieve long-term goal Description of the Organization from the OM Perspective: BHP Billiton, being a leading mining company of Australia as well as world has successfully managed all its operations. The development of the organization is highly dependent on these operations. Operation management department of BHP Billiton supervises all its activities to ensure a flawless service to its consumers (Parsons, Lacey Moffat, 2014). They maintain a transparent relation with all its suppliers and consumers. Consumers pay close attention to the requirements of their consumers. It helps the m to identify their flaws and improve their performance. The operation management maintains various contractual agreements with their suppliers to avoid any kind of miscommunication. The primary objective of the operation management department of BHP Billiton is to overcome all kinds of challenges that may be faced by the organization in between manufacturing procedure and delivery of the product to the market. The responsible staff members of BHP Billiton concentrate on development of the productivity so the organization can match the expectation level of the consumers. Consumers in recent time have become very much particular about the quality of their product. It has become very important for every organization to provide a flawless service to their consumers. It is highly beneficial for the organization to beat all its rival companies and satisfy its consumers. The operation management department of BHP Billiton is aware of the fact. They always try to provide flawless service and products to their consumers. In order to achieve the target they implement all the required strategies and techniques that can be helpful for the development of the organization. Although, there are some flaws that can be harmful for achieving organizational goal To resolve those issues the operation management department must perform more effectively (Moffat Zhang, 2014). OM Activities: Members of operation management department of BHP Billiton plays significant role in the development of the organization. There are some sectors in which they participate to help the organization to earn desired position in the society and survive in the battle with other rival companies. Some of them are as follows: Planning: The operation management department actively participate in the establishing a strong plan to achieve desired target. Planning is considered as the initial stage for carrying out any kind of agenda. It helps the organization to perform systematically to earn the organizational goal. The staff of operation management of BHP Billiton includes all the required strategies into their rule book that can be beneficial to achieve the desired position in the society (Krajewski, Ritzman Malhotra, 2013). Supply Chain Management: Being one of the leading export and import company, BHP Billiton deals with many national and international suppliers. To maintain a strong supply chain the staff members of operation management department concentrates on maintaining a transparent relation with all the suppliers. They maintain contractual agreement with their suppliers to prevent any kind of risk like miscommunication, misunderstanding. It helps them to earn the faith of the suppliers and influence the commitment of the suppliers towards the organization. Employee relation: The operation management department of BHP Billiton maintains a transparency level with their employees as well. They encourage their employees to participate in the production procedure (Dobele et al., 2014). Employees are often motivated by the operation management department to give their best performance for the betterment of the organization. The operation management department helps their employees to improve their performance quality. Transport System: Transport system plays a crucial role in the success of the organization. It helps the organization to deliver the raw materials in the firms and deliver the processed products to the market. The operation management department of BHP Billiton pays close attention to maintain an uninterrupted transportation system so they can deliver their products to the consumers within time. They focus on improving the transport quality to ensure the organizational success. In order to achieve the desired target the operation management team implements all modern and effective technologies. It helps the organization to earn faith of the consumers by delivering them products in an appropriate manner (Binz et al., 2014). Conclusion: As per the previous discussion, it can be concluded that being a leading mining industry of Australia, BHP Billiton maintains healthy relation with their national and international suppliers. The organizational management pays special attention to maintain healthy and interactive relation with their suppliers, employees and consumers. They implement all kind of required strategies to improve the quality of their products and services. There are various sections on which the operation management department pays close attention to achieve desired target, such as- planning, supply chain managements, value chain management. They participate actively in all these sections to provide an uninterrupted and flawless service to its consumers. In this competitive era, it has become very important for every organization to deliver a flawless service to its consumers to match the expectation level of the consumers and survive in the race with other rival companies. The operation management depart ment of BHP Billiton provide all kinds of supports to the organization to achieve desired target and put a strong footprint in the industry. Reference: Armony, M., Israelit, S., Mandelbaum, A., Marmor, Y. N., Tseytlin, Y., Yom-Tov, G. B. (2015). On patient flow in hospitals: A data-based queueing-science perspective.Stochastic Systems,5(1), 146-194. Bahmani-Firouzi, B., Azizipanah-Abarghooee, R. (2014). Optimal sizing of battery energy storage for micro-grid operation management using a new improved bat algorithm.International Journal of Electrical Power Energy Systems,56, 42-54. BHP Billiton | A leading global resources company. (2017). bhpbilliton.com Bice, S. (2014). What gives you a social licence? An exploration of the social licence to operate in the Australian mining industry.Resources,3(1), 62-80. Binz, T., Breitenbcher, U., Kopp, O., Leymann, F. (2014). TOSCA: portable automated deployment and management of cloud applications. InAdvanced Web Services(pp. 527-549). Springer New York. Dobele, A. R., Westberg, K., Steel, M., Flowers, K. (2014). An examination of corporate social responsibility implementation and stakeholder engagement: A case study in the Australian mining industry.Business Strategy and the Environment,23(3), 145-159. Krajewski, L. J., Ritzman, L. P., Malhotra, M. K. (2013).Operations management: Processes and supply chains(Vol. 1). New York: Pearson. Moffat, K., Zhang, A. (2014). The paths to social licence to operate: An integrative model explaining community acceptance of mining.Resources Policy,39, 61-70. Mohammadi, S., Soleymani, S., Mozafari, B. (2014). Scenario-based stochastic operation management of microgrid including wind, photovoltaic, micro-turbine, fuel cell and energy storage devices.International Journal of Electrical Power Energy Systems,54, 525-535. Mzembe, A. N., Meaton, J. (2014). Driving corporate social responsibility in the Malawian mining industry: a stakeholder perspective.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,21(4), 189-201. Parsons, R., Lacey, J., Moffat, K. (2014). Maintaining legitimacy of a contested practice: How the minerals industry understands its social licence to operate.Resources Policy,41, 83-90.

American Constitution Essays - James Madison, Constitutional Law

American Constitution The basis of all law in the United States is the Constitution. This Constitution is a document written by "outcasts" of England. The Constitution of the United States sets forth the nation's fundamental laws. It establishes the form of the national government and defines the rights and liberties of the American people. It also lists the aims of the government and the methods of achieving them. The Constitution was written to organize a strong national government for the American states. Previously, the nation's leaders had established a national government under the Articles of Confederation. But the Articles granted independence to each state. They lacked the authority to make the states work together to solve national problems. After the states won independence in the Revolutionary War (1775-1783), they faced the problems of peacetime government. The states had to enforce law and order, collect taxes, pay a large public debt, and regulate trade among themselves. They also had to deal with Indian tribes and negotiate with other governments. Leading statesmen, such as George Washington and Alexander Hamilton, began to discuss the creation of a strong national government under a new constitution. The United States is a republic that operates under a federalist system. The national government had specific enumerated powers, and the fifty states retain substantial endowment over their citizens and their residents. Both the national government and the state government are divided into three different branches, executive, legislative, and judicial. Written constitutions, both federal and state, form a system of separated powers. Amendment, in legislation, is a change in a law, or in a bill before it becomes a law. Bills often have amendments attached before a legislature votes on them. Amendments to the Constitution of the United States may be proposed in two ways: (1) If two-thirds of both houses approve, Congress may propose an amendment. The amendment becomes a law when ratified either by legislatures or by conventions in three-fourths of the states. (2) If the legislatures of two-thirds of the states ask for an amendment, Congress must call a convention to propose it. The amendment becomes a law when ratified either by the legislatures or by conventions in three fourths of the states. This method has never been used. The Federal Government is comprised of three branches: Executive Branch, the Legislative Branch, and the Judicial Branch. The executive branch includes the President the vice President, the cabinet and all federal departments, and most governmental agencies. All executive power is vested in the President [US Const. Art. II, sec 1, cl. 1], currently Bill Clinton, who serves a four-year term. The President is the commander in Chief of the military [US Const. Art. II, sec 2, cl. 1], and has primary authority over foreign affairs. The President has the power to make treaties, but only with two-thirds of the US senate [US Const. Art. II, sec 2, cl. 2]. The President of the US has the power to nominate all Supreme Court Justices, all other federal juries, ambassadors, and all other officers of the United States. The President had the jurisdiction to veto legislation. The vice President is the President of the Senate. The Vice President serves the same four year term as the President. The President is the head of the thirteen government departments. These departments are not listed in the constitution and have varied in name and in number over the years. Currently they are the DEPARTMENTS OF STATE, TREASURY, DEFENSE, JUSTICE, INTERIOR, AGRICULTURE, COMMERCE, LABOR, HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT, TRANSPORTATION, ENERGY, and EDUCATION. The heads of each department form the cabinet, which is the highest advisory group to the President. The executive branch also includes dozens of government agencies. There is a difference between departments and agencies. Agencies have a very specific purpose while the departments are more broad. Heads of any governmental agencies are not members of the cabinet. All federal legislative powers are vested in the Congress of the United States, which contain two chambers, a Senate and a House of Representatives [US Const. Art. I, sec 1,]. There are one hundred Senators, two from each of the fifty states. Senators serve six-year terms [US Const. Art. I, sec 3, cl. 1]. The House of Representatives has 435 members, the population of each state determines this number. Each state is granted minimum of one representative. Each representative serves a two-year term. The powers of Congress are specifically enumerated in the Constitution and include, among other things, the power to lay and collect taxes, duties, and tariffs. Congress also has the power

Free Essays on Organizational Behavior

This is a student paper for a case analysis in organizational behavior What Motivates Best Can Programs Involving Rewards Such as Travel, Merchandise, and Cash be Implemented to Motivate Employees in the Non-Sales Force Arena? After learning about the different pros and cons associated with three popular approaches to incentives, I believe, if carefully implemented, these approaches can be used to motivate non-sales force personnel. Determining results of sales people is usually easier to monitor in terms of sales dollars, sales volume, repeat purchases, etc., than that of non-sales personnel. Furthermore, salesperson’s contributions can be directly linked to the product’s bottom line. Therefore, providing a ‘rewards for results’ incentive program for sales personnel doesn’t appear to be difficult because of the ease of monitoring results. However, if managers are only going to focus on providing incentives for their sales people, they may be alienating other employers whose performance, although tough to measure, may have a large impact on the company’s bottom line. For instance, customer service representatives may not be very motivated to come to work and make su re they return all calls the same day with superior service without an incentive. Project teams may be working on a new product design, however, if there is no incentive for having the project completed by a certain date at a minimal cost then there is a good chance that they will not be as motivated as the salesperson who can earn a free trip if he/she meets a certain sales quota. Furthermore, how motivated will purchasing or manufacturing be to look for ways to save money on materials and production if there is not going to be an incentive attached to it? Personally, I believe that if you offer incentives to motivate all of your personnel, you have a greater chance of improving performance in all areas of the organization and a lesser chance of creating a... Free Essays on Organizational Behavior Free Essays on Organizational Behavior This is a student paper for a case analysis in organizational behavior What Motivates Best Can Programs Involving Rewards Such as Travel, Merchandise, and Cash be Implemented to Motivate Employees in the Non-Sales Force Arena? After learning about the different pros and cons associated with three popular approaches to incentives, I believe, if carefully implemented, these approaches can be used to motivate non-sales force personnel. Determining results of sales people is usually easier to monitor in terms of sales dollars, sales volume, repeat purchases, etc., than that of non-sales personnel. Furthermore, salesperson’s contributions can be directly linked to the product’s bottom line. Therefore, providing a ‘rewards for results’ incentive program for sales personnel doesn’t appear to be difficult because of the ease of monitoring results. However, if managers are only going to focus on providing incentives for their sales people, they may be alienating other employers whose performance, although tough to measure, may have a large impact on the company’s bottom line. For instance, customer service representatives may not be very motivated to come to work and make su re they return all calls the same day with superior service without an incentive. Project teams may be working on a new product design, however, if there is no incentive for having the project completed by a certain date at a minimal cost then there is a good chance that they will not be as motivated as the salesperson who can earn a free trip if he/she meets a certain sales quota. Furthermore, how motivated will purchasing or manufacturing be to look for ways to save money on materials and production if there is not going to be an incentive attached to it? Personally, I believe that if you offer incentives to motivate all of your personnel, you have a greater chance of improving performance in all areas of the organization and a lesser chance of creating a... Free Essays on Organizational Behavior Ethical Behavior in Organizations Individuals working towards a common goal for personal, as well as, combined benefits form institutions popularly called  ¡Ã‚ §organizations ¡Ã‚ ¨ or  ¡Ã‚ §associations ¡Ã‚ ¨. These firms or companies formulating and providing a challenging and a learning working environment, also consist of moral, social, and professional values, rules and regulations that all the employees at all levels have to abide by. This is essential for an efficient organization to remain profitable on a long-term basis. For the same matter, an individual working for an organization must have the ethical and social values similar to that of the organizations in order to generate the desired result. If their values are incompatible, neither the organization nor the individuals working for it can benefit, paving way for the ethical issues to emerge and providing leeway for affected productivity to dominate the working set-up (Drucker: 65). The aforementioned considerations give birth to the concept of a need for ethical values to be incorporated in the value system of an organization and to be inculcated in the personnel for the betterment of the society as a whole. Hence, the above discussion leads us to the following definitions essential to proceed our analysis based on the extensive research. However, due to the vast scope of the topic as well as for the reader ¡Ã‚ ¦s better and convenient comprehension, section introduces a new concept and discusses a related topic in detail. All parts of the paper are further divided into sub-sections, highlighting important aspects related to the main topic. The paper begins with some of the significant definitions relevant to the gist of the topic. Part I: Ethics and organizations In order to study the cause and effect of an ethical value system of a workplace, let us first look into the lexical meanings of the terms ethics and organization and the relation between them. The dictionary def...

QUESTIONS FOR AN EXAM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Letter and Memo Paper Pre-Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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HY 1110-08F-2, AMERICAN HISTORY I (HY1110-08F-2) Essay

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Social Perspectives on Witch Hunting

Social Perspectives on Witch Hunting The Case that the witch-hunt was a woman-hunt is a strong one (Larner) discuss? The witch-hunts across Europe saw the mass slaughter of nine million women who were thought to be witches. These women were killed over a period of three hundred years, with the most concentrated killings in places such as Germany, Spain and Italy.[1] The story of witchcraft is primarily the story of women and this has caused much fascination and a certain elusiveness when approaching the subject.[2] The organised persecution of the witches began officially on December 9th 1484 when Pope Innocent VIII asked Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger to define witchcraft, isolate the modus operandi of the witches and to standardise the trial procedures and sentencing.[3] It was as a result that Kramer and Sprenger produced a text called â€Å"Malleus Maleficarum† which would become a hugely influential text in the events of witch persecution and in these gender-specific views of witchcraft. Due to the gender-specificity that surrounds the subject of witchcraft we are confronted with id eas about women, fears about women and the place of women in society during these times. Scholars such as Carol Kerslen, Lyndal Roper and Christina Larner gradually moved gender, and to some extent sexuality, to the centre of the analysis of witchcraft, which influenced interests in artists such as Baldung, for whom gender and sexuality were critical themes.[4]Many feminists jump to conclusions of gender-specific genocide due to what they believe was a woman-hating crime. However, it is important also to focus on the socio-economic context in which these trials took place in order to make a fair judgement on the gender-specificity that is so often associated with witchcraft. The Malleus Maleficarum is often the focus of many studies into witchcraft due to its important influence during the period. This demonological treatise was written by Kramer and Sprenger, it is often used as evidence by radical feminists of the misogyny among elites, who are seen as the driving force behind the top-down persecutions of witches.[5] The title of the work itself is female-specific, with the term maleficarum translating as women evil-doers. This feminine possessive in the Latin title shows it’s focus on the female gender, if the book were to have focused on both males and females then ‘maleficarum’ would have been replaced by ‘maleficorum’.[6] Throughout the text it is women who are specifically referred to, in the book men are most often described as accomplices rather than witches themselves. When asked why there is more harmful magic found in the female sex than in the male sex Kramer answered â€Å"because of the fleshly lust, which in [women] is never satisfied.†[7] It is clear that there was a gender-bias or a gender-specificity around the notions of witchcraft, and this dominated its surrounding ideology and the main literature upon the subject. The Malleus Maleficarum was of great influence during the period, it was high Catholic theology and working catholic jurisprudence.[8] The work had been issued for creation by the Pope himself and so held great importance. In the dark ages few people could read and books were hard to come by, the printing press has only been developed 34 years previously in 1850 Germany. This meant that literacy rates and the availability of prints for those in the lower sectors of society were not still readily available or improved at this point. However, the Malleus was printed in numerous editions and had been read by almost every judge in Europe, it appeared that the Malleus Maleficarum had more currency then the bible.[9] What made this piece of literature regarding the definitions of witchcraft so influential is the power and authority it held due to its lawful reinforcement. Anyone who challenged the Malleus Maleficarum, anyone who refuted its authority or questioned its credibility on any level was guilty of heresy, a capital crime.[10] The Malleus Maleficarum was probably the most influential piece written on witchcraft, it was the most widely spread, the most lawfully and religiously backed, but it was also extremely gender-specific towards women. This literary work helped to instil a stereotype of the witch, the stereotype being woman. The definition of woman, in common with the pornographic definition, is her carnality; the essence of her character, in common with the fairy-tale definition, is her malice and avarice.[11]In fact the stereotype of a witch in Christian Europe has always been that of a woman. For example, in twelfth-century Russia the authorities in one district became so anxious about the prevalence of witchcraft that they began to round up the entire female population.[12] Ideas of female evil-doers as suggested in the title of the Malleus Maleficarum stemmed back to the religious creation of the world. A women was believed to be more carnal than a man, this carnality originated from eve’s very own creation, she was formed from a bent rib, and also caused the fall of Eden.[13] As a result, women have suffered, forever being painted with the same religious brush of being a source of evil and carnality. A witch was seen as an independent adult women who does not conform to the male idea of proper female behaviour.[14] However, it was not just female sexuality that made them evil, but also female knowledge, many feminists claim that anything that made a women something other than helpless was perceived as threatening and labelled evil.[15] Perhaps a strong case for witch-hunting being parallel to women-hunting, is the idea that women were labelled witches, and could not prove themselves innocent by any means. This meant that women were doomed to persecution because of their gender and its gender-specific associated stereotypes. Women finds herself entirely defined by her sexuality. It was believed that sexuality makes women evil, therefore virginity/chastity is glorified in women as it is the opposite of sexuality.[16] However, it is ironic that while all witchcraft comes from carnal lust which is in women insatiable – this carnal lust, this desire for sex, is what populates the world. If all women are evil-doers, if Eve is the basis for all women stereotypes then why is it that women are the exclusive holders of bearing life? Other indicators that are described in the Malleus Maleficarum also guide us to the interpretation that women were inevitably doomed to persecution. A women’s virtue is seen to be silence, and yet in a witchcraft trial, if the women remains silence she is condemned for withholding her confession, yet it she confesses then she is condemning herself.[17] There is a similar paradox in the women’s ability to bear pain, if she breaks down through pain of torture and confesses she is condemned, however if she remains strong and recovers she is condemn also. Still further, if a women weeps under torture it is interpreted as a sign of her sins and so condemns her, yet if her eyes do not weep she is condemned for witchcraft.[18] This suggests that once put to trial for partaking in witchcraft the women is entirely at the mercy of the educated men who judge, torture and condemn her, almost without escape. Feminists take this inescapability as evidence of patriarchy exerting its control over women in order to curb the perceived threat to men’s dominance that is caused through women’s allegedly rapacious sexuality.[19] It is believed that as soon as a women transitions from ‘virgin’ to ‘sexual’, there is a potential for power over a man[20], and so she becomes a symbol of demonology, of relations with the devil. Radical feminists also suggest that society believed that all women threaten male hegemony with their exclusive power to give life; and so social order depends on women conforming to male ideals of female behaviour.[21] Threats to social order, threats of women’s sexuality are usually blamed for the persecutions of women during the witch-hunts in Europe. Most of the ideas put forward as to why women posed a threat to man, and why the witch-hunts could be seen as gender-specific are put forward by feminists. First wave feminists ( su ch as the American Suffragist Matilda Joslyn Gage) asserted that nine million people were executed as witches, with old women, wise women and the priestesses of anti-Christian cults being particular targets.[22] However, second wave feminists further in their ideas of the witch-hunts, painting them as a ‘gendercide’, a female targeted death hunt. They believed that witch-hunting was an egregious example, not just of patriarchal oppression, but also of genocide and it was in fact the deliberate killing of women.[23] This deliberate killing of women is made acceptable and almost encouraged by the Malleus Maleficarum due to its emphasis on the female gender and their witchcraft qualities. However, it is important to understand that women were not just persecuted, they also acted as the accusers. Women often accused other women of witchcraft and were often the ‘chief witnesses in the courts’.[24] This suggests that while witch-hunts were related to the female g ender, they were not gender-exclusive. Women could accuse other women, and men could be persecuted. Yet, feminists disregard this evidence that goes against that misogyny of witch-hunting. Instead they believe that this line of reasoning is based on a failure to recognise that a patriarchal structure divides women, and that their livelihood is dependent on the goodwill of men.[25] Therefore, women would accuse other women, not to satisfy themselves, but to protect the livelihood of conformist women against non-conformist women, they would also do so under the pressures of their husbands and fathers. This huge split in the ideology of witch-hunting and its gender relations is caused by the lack of concrete evidence to support either side. Facts and figures from the period, from all over Europe, are at best good estimates of the real numbers of those persecuted. Figures range from thousands to millions when talking about the amount that died from persecutions, and the gender ratios are no more accurate. However, in spite of this, the evidence provided is used in the debate of gender-specificity surrounding the witch-hunts and therefore must be looked at and discussed. Figures suggest that in areas at the centre of the witch-hunt, places such as Germany, France, Switzerland and Scotland, 80% of those persecuted were females, with figures reached an estimate of 95-100% in the areas on the periphery such as England and Russia.[26] The ratio of women to men burned is variously estimated at 20 to 1 for women and 100 to 1 for men.[27] Those men who were persecuted were often the family of convicted women witches, or were in positions of civil power with political ambitions that conflicted with those of the church or monarch.[28] In fact, witchcraft which is seen as the ultimate human evil was sex-specific in just the same proportion as sanctity which is seen as the ultimate human good was sex-specific to males during the ‘sanctity epidemic’ of the later Middle Ages.[29] Most works conclude that witches were scapegoats for hostilities and tensions that had little to do with sex or gender.[30] Radical feminist writings have had a significant influence on the perceptions of witchcraft outside academia, its emphasis on witches being gender-specific to women had become a strong stereotype when one thinks of the witch-hunts. However, academic historians are dismissive of such interpretations, criticising radical feminists for their assumptions that witch-hunting was ‘woman-hunting’, their over reliance on the Malleus, their unwillingness to engage with manuscript records or witch trials and their ahistorical use of the terms misogyny and patriarchy which downplays the historical specificity of early modern culture and society.[31] Christina Larner herself is reluctant to suggest that witch-hunting was gender-specific because of this academic dismissiveness. Instead she concludes that the witch-hunts were ‘sex-related not sex-specificâ⠂¬â„¢[32] , however she strongly backs the argument that witch-hunting was still in fact women-hunting because of this relation. This leaves the distinction between sex-related and sex-specific unclear, if both inevitably lead to the assumption that the hunt was still a hunt on women. This dismissiveness between historian and feminist is causing a problem when it comes to the clarity of sex relations between women and witchcraft. The antipathy many academic historians feel towards feminism in general and radical feminism in particular can be counterproductive as it discourages them from engaging with any helpful insights feminism has to offer into the gendering of witchcraft prosecutions, particularly in relation to the analysis of patriarchy.[33] Those few historians who have seriously addressed the question of women and witchcraft only briefly discuss misogyny of the period, but focus more on the social and economic reasons for the high percentage of women that were persecuted. Ho wever, most radical feminist interpretation of witch-hunting emerged in the context of feminist’s political activism outside academia, and were thus polemically and historically inaccurate.[34] There is a huge correlation between women and witchcraft persecutions, and this is to do with the age-old stereotypes of women evildoers that stem from eve. Women were more likely to be persecuted because they were more likely to believe to be witches, had men been acting in the same way it is very much doubtful that they would have been accused to be a witch to the same majority in comparison. Therefore the witch-hunts were women-hunts in the sense that women were targeted substantially more than men, whether they were accused other women or not, they were still the distinct majority of the witch-hunts. [1] Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood : Prophecies and Discourses on Sexual Politics, ( New York : G.P Putnam Sons, 1967). [2] Carol F. Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman, (New York : W. W. Norton Company, 1987). [3] Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood. [4] Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2013). [5] Ibid. [6] Sister Trinity, ‘Gynocide : The Holocaust of Women’, http://passtheflamingsword.wordpress.com/2013/01/31/gynocide-the-holocaust-of-women/ [7] Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft. [8] Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood. [9] Andrea Dworkin, Woman Hating, (New York : Penguin Group, 1974). [10] Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood. [11] Andrea Dworkin, Woman Hating. [12] Darren Oldridge, The Witchcraft Reader, (London : Routledge, 2002). [13] Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood. [14] Darren Oldridge, The Witchcraft Reader. [15] Sister Trinity, ‘Gynocide : The Holocaust of Women’. [16] Ibid. [17] Sister Prudence Allen, The concept of Woman : The early humanist reformation 1250-1500, (Cambridge: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co, 2002), [18] Ibid. [19] Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft. [20] Sister Trinity, ‘Gynocide : The Holocaust of Women. [21] Darren Oldridge, The Witchcraft Reader. [22] Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft. [23] Ibid. [24] Darren Oldridge, The Witchcraft Reader. [25] Ibid. [26] Darren Oldridge, The Witchcraft Reader. [27] Andrea Dworkin, Our Blood. [28] Andrea Dworkin, Woman Hating. [29] Darren Oldridge, The Witchcraft Reader. [30] Carol F. Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman. [31] Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft. [32] Darren Oldridge, The Witchcraft Reader. [33] Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft. [34] Brian P. Levack, The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft.

asteroid defense :: essays research papers

The U.S. federal government is summoning the world's top scientists to an urgent conference this summer to plan defenses against an attack that could wipe out an American city or disrupt the whole country's infrastructure. No, it's not global terrorism. The scientists will map ways to combat an asteroid attack, a cosmic sucker punch like the collision that killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago and flattened a Siberian forest in 1908. While the world's attention is focused on the real threat of terrorism, the theoretical asteroid menace has been garnering a surprising amount of behind-the-scenes attention. Britain's Royal Astronomical Society hosted an international meeting of experts on the asteroid impact threat in December. In January the world's astronomers petitioned Australia's government to fund a special asteroid-detecting telescope. In February NASA announced the "Workshop on Scientific Requirements for Mitigation of Hazardous Comets and Asteroids," which will be conducted in Washington in September. In March, NASA activated "Sentry," a new system to monitor near-Earth objects (NEOs) and assess their threat to Earth. NEOs are small objects—asteroids and certain comets—that orbit in the solar system relatively close to Earth and could one day collide with Earth. "We've had a couple of close shaves during the past few months," says Brian G. Marsden, with the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Massachusetts. One asteroid caused public jitters when discovered March 12. Named 2002 EM7, it came from the direction of the sun—an astronomical blind spot where objects are hidden in the sun's glare. Astronomers didn't detect 2002 EM7 until four days after it came within 288,000 miles (460,000 kilometers) of Earth, which they regarded as a close encounter. [The moon is about 239,000 miles, or 385,000 kilometers, from the Earth.] The asteroid was about 200 feet (60 meters) in diameter—big enough to fill two-thirds of a football field—and could have flattened a city, unleashing the energy of a five-megaton nuclear bomb. "I think Mother Nature has given us yet another wake-up call," says Donald K.

Marketing Goals foe Paintball Company Essay

Marketing Goals The primary goal of this marketing strategy is to guarantee that Paintball Company will be recognized in the industry as a business entity that gives excellent paintball services for its target market. Aside from this, Paintball Company has the mission to determine the most effective strategy to be utilized in order to transform the Paintball industry into becoming more recognized by the public consumers. Paintball Company has four primary marketing goals:A)Manage its position as one of the primary businesses regarding Paintball. Being the leader of the Paintball industry will propel this Paintball Company to earn the respect and trust of its customers. Therefore, the organization will have the power to widen its functions through the acquisition of other Paintball organizations. B)Become more financially stable than other Paintball organizations. The raw technologies that are being used in the production of Paintball equipments have to be able to attain excellent standards. If this is achieved, the organization will have the capability to become more financially stable as against other rival Paintball organizations. C)Establish an excellent Paintball technology profile, with Paintball Company as the global label of flagship; andD)Establishing its freedom. Being a free organization will enable Paintball Company to go on with its reputation of excellence in both its Paintball technologies and products by establishing fresh innovations and measures. Geographic MixThe Paintball industry can be found at one of the biggest suburban areas and the most densely populated areas. Therefore, this implies that with regards to the territorial elements, the Paintball Company has been able to properly select an environment or site that may give tremendous potential for the Paintball industry to be come famous. Marketing Strategies – OverviewThe marketing idea has been identified as ‘the element to attaining company objectives’ and the marketing idea depends on ‘market emphasis, client likes and dislikes, excellent marketing and  stability. In a financially stable organization the company definitely has to make efforts and attain this level of client satisfaction as a means of being on top of the rivalry and earning so much. In attaining so, an organization must be able to determine an excellent and sustainable marketing plan for their goods and services (Godin, 1999). In the situation of the Paintball Company, the marketing plan that can be utilized by the organization to propel itself in the industry will involve the utilization of advertisements. To be able to inform the target of the organization regarding the presence of the Paintball industry, the organization will utilize media advertising, online and other media and news advertisements. These marketing procedures will be supportive to propel the Paintball Company at the top of the industry. Marketing Strategies – PriorityThe primary emphasis of the marketing plan is to enable the Paintball Company to be recognized in the market. In order to attain this, the utilization of an excellent marketing plan through an effective marketing interaction plan will be but into emphasis. In addition, interaction is an essential element of companies. Through excellent communication, the marketing company is able to transfer knowledge and learn from each other’s capabilities and knowledge. In this specific plan, the essential aspect that must be given priority is the advertisement and interactive campaign of the Paintball Company. Normally, advertisement or interactive campaigns are well known as an open sponsorship of given goods, products and any concepts through the utilization of any channels of interaction. In this respect, there are various types of channels that can be utilized for advertisements and interactive campaign objectives. Generally, in this IMC perspective, the emphasis will be put on advertisement and Paintball promotion. Marketing Plan – By SegmentAn excellent marketing interaction plan reflects a continuous process and style to all activities a specific organization perform. Marketing plans have arrived to signify the new emphasis of marketing field in incorporating the interactive elements to connect to all  of the company’s clients and not just its basic consumers (Levinson, 1998). Aside from this marketing plans proceed with the objective of determining and improving the mutual connection of the organization to its clients by giving means to establish relationship with clients through advertisements. The target market of the Paintball Company involves international clients and local clients as well. In this way, in order to guarantee that the target market will be able to know the presence of the Paintball Company, the marketing plan will be utilized in putting priority to each of the target market in both local and global scenes. Quarterly Action Plan – SalesIn this plan, the Paintball Company will be implementing the marketing procedure in attaining interactions and promotion of the organization and the products that it gives. This plan will be implemented quarterly. In performing this, the following interactive media will be used:†¢TV, print, and communication mediaSome of the marketing channels that are normally utilized by various industries in order to make their goods and services well known are the TV, print, and communication media. In connection with the Paintball Company, it may utilize these media channels in order to be recognized by various clients anytime and in any place. AdvertisingA very famous process of promotion is through advertisements. Advertisements can be very expensive but like all marketing plans, it is not to be classified as a cost but an asset. The expenses for excellent advertisements may be significantly high but the good outcomes will all be worth it (Silk, 2006). Advertisement is the right approach for the Paintball Company for the similar reason of improving awareness and making an impact towards client perceptions. Also, advertisement through media can be felt by larger groups of people all over the world, therefore the information will be transferred to a larger part of the target market. Quarterly Action Plan – Public RelationsPublic relations and publicity are different plans established to inform or secure an organization’s reputation or its goods and services. The benefit of this mechanism is that it may  improve the organization’s reputation and it may allow the organization to be recognized due to the excellent image than its rivals. In this way, the Paintball Company may do a publicly connected endeavor every quarter to guarantee that the organization follows its social roles in the site. One of the excellent means to implement this is through sponsorship. The Paintball Company may sponsor a well-known organization every quarter. Contingency PlansPromotion budget is the large cost for the Paintball Company. The proper means of using promotion budget must be carefully analyzed. The study of promoting endeavors has to be done due to the feedback that can inform the organization as to what promotional tools are the correct ones to use. These assessment outcomes can secure the Paintball Company from wasting its financial resources for the incorrect promotional tools and procedures. Monitoring or assessment involves the application of tools to evaluate promotional appropriateness. The plan can be assessed with regards to the development in sales that is attained at a quarterly and yearly basis. This would immediately connect to the goal of establishing demand and improving sales. Nevertheless, it is essential to put into emphasis that it can be hard to manage for other elements that are likely to bear effects in the market industry, which include the choices of rival companies to improve prices, a change in client likes, or a shift in the entire demand. Luckily, other tools can be utilized to evaluate promotional appropriateness, which connects upon the variance of the marketing goals that have been mentioned earlier. For instance, surveys can be done, which ask regarding the Paintball game, identify any development in behaviours regarding the Paintball game, and identify whether or not there has been a development in client information or awareness of the Paintball game. Paintball Company SWOT AnalysisStrengths:†¢has Paintball technologies that have a reputation for gaining a very strong retail. This involves an emphasis for the value of quality, comfort and various range of games and updated technologies†¢has expanded tremendously over the past years, and has been in the procedure of growth all over the world. †¢Primary capability relies on the use of information technology (IT) to significantly aid its world Paintball sales system. In short, the Paintball Company can monitor their individual Paintball goods and their status within the site, or even at other locations. IT also aids the Paintball Company’s excellent procurement. †¢is able to provide excellent client satisfaction, as the few levels of work would imply lots of time to dedicate to their clients. †¢Its personnel have formulated a powerful legacy within the market. †¢Has the capability to shift direction immediately if its management realizes that their marketing plan is not working properly. †¢has no debts and financial losses. In short the organization can provide excellent Paintball technologies to clients on a continuous basis. Weaknesses:†¢is one of the biggest organizations in the Paintball industry but has a meager control of its organization, in spite of its advantages in updated Paintball technologies. This could result to a decline in profitability in some locations where they have lesser managerial powers. †¢Since the Paintball Company sells its Paintball technologies over different markets, the organization does not possess the versatility that some of its recognized rival companies have. †¢Functions al over the world, but its existence can be found in only selected areas all over the world†¢Some of the organization’s less famous locations do not possess market legacy or reputation†¢Some of the organization’s employees do not possess the important Paintball knowledge base in many aspects. †¢The Paintball company is still severely hampered to the temporary absences of its employees. †¢The organization’s budget is unstable particularly in the early aspects of a new Paintball product innovation. Opportunities:†¢Taking over, acquisitions, or establishing mergers with other Paintball organizations while prioritizing on powerful markets like North America or Europe. †¢The establishment of new locations and branches provide the Paintball Company the chances to explore market improvements. This could result to the diversification of the company’s branches. †¢Chances are present for the Paintball Company to go on with its existing tactic of founding huge extensions all over the globe. †¢The Paintball Company is continuously growing, with lots of future developments to explore for success. †¢The local personnel of the Paintball Company are in the process of persuading local Paintball business entities to join them if possible. †¢The rivals of Paintball Company may be unable to cope up with the new Paintball innovations particularly the ones that the organization establishes. Threats:†¢Being a top Paintball organization means that the Paintball Company is the one to beat in both local and global markets. †¢Being recognized worldwide implies that Paintball Company might be immersed to political chaos in the nations where the company has operations. †¢The manufacturing expenses of most Paintball products have the chance to decline because of the limited manufacturing costs. Production expenses go down due to the outsourcing to low-cost countries all over the world. This situation could result to fighting in prices, which in turn would lead in the fall of prices in different levels. Tremendous price rivalry must  absolutely be classified as a threat. †¢The current changes in Paintball technology which could probably alter the markets might test the organization’s capability to cope up to these developments†¢A slight change in the priority of a huge rival might destroy any market dominance that the Paintball Company has attained over its existence. This could lead the organization to specialize in quick response but excellent quality Paintball products to local companies. This would place intense pressure on the organization’s employees to be knowledgeable with the current developments in Paintball technology where possible. REFERENCES Godin, S, 1999. Permission Marketing: Turning Strangers Into Friends And Friends Into Customers. Simon & Schuster; 1st editionLevinson, J, 1998. Guerrilla Marketing: Secrets for Making Big Profits from Your Small Business. Houghton Mifflin; 3rd editionSilk, A, 2006. What Is Marketing? Harvard Business School Press

Definition and Examples of a Conceptual Metaphor

Definition and Examples of a Conceptual Metaphor A conceptual metaphor is a  metaphor (or figurative comparison) in which one idea (or conceptual domain) is understood in terms of another. In cognitive linguistics, the conceptual domain from which we draw metaphorical expressions to understand another conceptual domain is known as the source domain. The conceptual domain that is understood in this way is the target domain. Thus the source domain of the journey is commonly used to explain the target domain of life. In Metaphors We Live By (1980), George Lakoff and Mark Johnson identify three overlapping categories of conceptual metaphors: Orientational MetaphorOntological MetaphorStructural Metaphor Examples and Observations Basic conceptual metaphors are part of the common conceptual apparatus shared by members of a culture. They are systematic in that there is a fixed correspondence between the structure of the domain to be understood (e.g., death) and the structure of the domain in terms of which we are understanding it (e.g., departure). We usually understand them in terms of common experiences. They are largely unconscious, though attention may be drawn to them. Their operation in cognition is almost automatic. And they are widely conventionalized in language, that is, there are a great number of words and idiomatic expressions in our language whose meanings depend upon those conceptual metaphors. In Metaphors We Live By (University Of Chicago Press, 1980), George Lakoff and Mark Johnson mention these variations on the conceptual metaphor TIME IS MONEY: Youre wasting my time.This gadget will save you hours.I dont have the time to give you.How do you spend your time these days?That flat tire cost me an hour.Ive invested a lot of time in her.Youre running out of time.Is that worth your while?Hes living on borrowed time. Five Tenets of Conceptual; Metaphor Theory Conceptual Metaphor Theory rejects the notion that metaphor is a decorative device, peripheral to language and thought. Instead, the theory holds that metaphor is central to thought, and therefore to language. From this starting point, a number of tenets are derived, which are discussed here with particular reference to language. These tenets are: Metaphors structure thinking;Metaphors structure knowledge;Metaphor is central to abstract language;Metaphor is grounded in physical experience;Metaphor is ideological. Mappings Understanding one domain in terms of another involves a set of fixed correspondences (technically called mappings) between a source and a target domain. This set of mappings obtains between basic constituent elements of the target. To know a conceptual metaphor is to know the set of mappings that applies to a given source-target pairing. It is these mappings that provide much of the meaning of the metaphorical linguistic expressions (or linguistic metaphors) that make a particular conceptual metaphor manifest. Also Known As Generative Metaphor Sources George Lakoff and Mark Turner,  More Than Cool Reason. University of Chicago Press, 1989Alice Deignan,  Metaphor and Corpus Linguistics. John Benjamins, 2005Zoltn Kà ¶vecses,  Metaphor: A Practical Introduction, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2010

Irrealis Were - Definition and Examples

Irrealis 'Were' s Definition In English grammar, irrealis involves the  use of were with a  subject  in the  first-person  singular or third-person singular  to  refer to an unreal or hypothetical condition or eventone thats not true or that hasnt occurred (e.g., If I  were  you, Id go home). In contrast to the more common use of were as a past-tense form (e.g., They were lost), irrealis were is a nontensed mood form, similar to the subjunctive. Irrealis  were  is sometimes called the were-subjunctive or (somewhat misleadingly) the past subjective. As Huddleston and Pullum point out, Irrealis were does not refer to past time, and there is no synchronic reason to analyse it as a past tense form (The Cambridge Grammar Of The English Language, 2002). Defined more broadly, irrealis refers to an event that hasnt occurred (or at least hasnt yet occurred), while realis refers to an event that has occurred. Examples and Observations I was telling Grant that  if I were an  alien and I came down to earth from some far-off planet, there are a few things I would notice about people, and the first thing I would notice is the way they looked, that is, if people looked different on my planet.(Donald Miller, Blue Like Jazz. Thomas Nelson, 2003)Roxanne stood talking to him with one long-nailed hand on his shoulder, the other at her hip as  if she were a  model at a trade show trying to sell him the grill.(Kate Milliken, The Whole World.  If Id Known You Were Coming. The University of Iowa Press, 2013)They took to looking at him as  if he were  on the other side of a dirty window.(Kate Milliken, Inheritance.If Id Known You Were Coming. The University of Iowa Press, 2013) If I werent  so broke and unsettled, Id adopt a dog tomorrow.(Andrea Meyer, Room for Love. St. Martins Griffin, 2007) Moodiness: The Subjunctive and the Irrealis Were Traditional grammarians get tripped up by the verb be because they have to squeeze two different forms, be and were (as in If I were free), into a single slot called subjunctive. Sometimes they call be the present subjunctive and were the past subjunctive, but in reality theres no difference in tense between them. Rather, the two belong to different moods: whether he be rich or poor is subjunctive; If I were a rich man is irrealis (not real). . . . In English [the irrealis] exists only in the form were, where it conveys factual remoteness: an irrealis proposition is not just hypothetical (the speaker does not know whether it is true or false) but counterfactual (the speaker believes its false). Tevye the Milkman [in the musical Fiddler on the Roof] was emphatically not a rich man, nor were Tim Hardin, Bobby Darin, Johnny Cash, or Robert Plant (all of whom sang If I Were a Carpenter) in any doubt as to whether they were carpenters. Counterfactual, by the way, need not mean outlandisho ne can say If she were half an inch taller, that dress would be perfectit just means known to be not the case. (Steven Pinker, The Sense of Style. Viking, 2014) An Exceptional Form This use of were is highly exceptional: there is no other verb in the language where the modal remoteness meaning is expressed by a different inflectional form from the past time meaning. The irrealis mood form is unique to be, and limited to the 1st and 3rd person singular. It is an untidy relic of an earlier system, and some speakers usually, if not always, use preterite was instead. (Rodney Huddleston and Geoffrey K. Pullum,  A Students Introduction to English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 2005) AlsoSee Past SubjunctiveSubjunctive Mood

Material Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Material - Assignment Example It is being increasingly realized that research and development is critical to components such as the crankshaft due to the complexity of the system. Rapid advancements in technology and the inclusion of computer systems have led to an increase in the life and strength of crankshafts. However, the demands placed on the crankshaft have also increase with the development of high speed engines that produce more power and place new challenges to the design. Apart from some basic manufacturing precautions, new standards for the manufacture of crankshafts have been found out such as the ratios between its various components. There have also been advancements in the choice of materials for the manufacture of the crankshafts such as the use of aluminium and magnesium. However, they are largely application dependant and hence it is extremely important to consider this before the design and manufacture of the crankshaft. There is no perfect crankshaft; rather emphasis must be placed on develop ing an optimal crankshaft for the required application. The use of computer technology will further determine the course of the traditional crankshaft. Another important factor is the development of alternate systems of power for the automobile. As hard as it is to predict the future of the humble crankshaft, current efforts are being made towards the development of stronger and more efficient crankshafts. Though the modern automobile in the form that is currently seen took a number of decades to develop, the use of crankshafts in powered automobiles is as old as the first steam engine propelled vehicle developed by Joseph Cugnot in 1769 (Derry and Williams, 1993). Crankshafts ever since have been satisfying the need to convert the-to and fro motion of the engine, be it steam powered, diesel powered or any other type of engine, to circular motion of the wheels. However, recent factors mainly environmental, and political and

Absorptive Capacity in Knowledge Management Essay

Absorptive Capacity in Knowledge Management - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that the final result of absorptive capacity is thus innovation and already performance. Absorptive capacity may be construed as a four-tiered concept. It requires acquisition, proceeded by assimilation followed by transformation and eventually exploitation (Smith et. al., 2005). Acquisition involves the process of obtaining knowledge from external sources. The organization needs to have mechanisms for identifying that knowledge first. In essence, the acquisition process should be related to their core operations. Assimilation ought to follow this process; here, firms must capitalize on their processes and routines in order to interpret, analyze as well as understand the external knowledge. Once assimilation has occurred, the company ought to combine current and assimilated knowledge into one platform through transformation. This may involve a modification for existing practices. Finally, exploitation needs to take place, where a company leverages on its t ransformed capabilities by placing them into their operations. Acquisition may be influenced by a number of variables. The intensity and speed of knowledge acquisition has an effect on the outlook.  

Nature of the early republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nature of the early republic - Essay Example This rebellion soon spread to the other colonies and the situation was aggravated by King George's proclamation that the colonies were engaged in rebellion. With this the war of independence commenced. On the 4th of July 1776 the declaration of independence was adopted and with this the United States of America was formed. Initially the British had to contend with only the Americans but gradually other European powers joined the fray. In France there was a great deal of public support for the American cause and it began to provide aid to the American colonies. Further a treaty of alliance was signed between France and colonies. According to this treaty France would support the colonies in their struggle with the British. This resulted in a war between Britain and France in 1778. The beleaguered British proffered the olive branch to the colonies and on the 3rd of September 1783 the independence, freedom and sovereignty of these American colonies were recognised by Britain. Thus, despite several initial hardships the Americans emerged as a strong and coherent nation (THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE: Chapter 3). Subsequent to the achievement of independence Congress passed a resolution on the 10th of May 1776, requiring the colonies to form new governments that would enhance the happiness and safety of their constituents. Accordingly most of the states drew up their own constituents. In order to protect certain rights whose infringement had led to secession from Britain, a bill of rights was incorporated into these constitutions. Some of these were freedom of speech, freedom of elections, freedom of the press and the right to change the government. A major problem faced by this fledgling nation was that of expansion in the western part of the United States.... This essay stresses that a major problem faced by this fledgling nation was that of expansion in the western part of the United States. The pioneers had settled here and these places were highly dispersed. Since, they were isolated by mountain ranges and large distances from the political authorities in the east, they had formed their own governments. Moreover, these far flung lands were claimed by several states and no resolution of this dispute seemed to be in sight. This problem of over lapping claims was resolved by states like New York and Virginia, which ceded all their claims to these territories. In this manner national sovereignty was strengthened. This paper makes a conclusion that the new policy repudiated the time-honored concept that colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country, were politically subordinate, and peopled by social inferiors. Instead, it established the principle that colonies ("territories") were an extension of the nation and entitled, not as a privilege but as a right, to all the benefits of equality. On the 21st of February 1787 a conference was held in which the Virginia plan was proposed by Madison. The Constitution proposed in this convention was sent for ratification to the 13 states of the Union. Delaware was the first state to ratify it on the 7th of December 1787. The Congress is not empowered to decide as to whether a particular person is to be tried or not. This power is vested solely with the executive.

Bats Definition Essay Essay Example for Free

Bats Definition Essay Essay Bats are defined as flying mammals of the order Chiroptera . They have a worldwide distribution in tropical and temperate regions and have modified forelimbs that serve as wings and are covered with a membranous skin extending to the hind limbs that allows them to fly. The bat’s the only mammal capable of true flight. They use echolocation to find their prey by emitting sound waves that bounce off objects in front of them and echo back to them. By using their highly advanced hearing they can determine an object’s size, shape, location and even texture Bats are good at keeping insect populations in control by hunting Different bats live through the winter in a variety of ways. Some types of bats migrate while others hibernate. Some even go into Torpor (a state of controlled hypothermia). Bats in the wild usually find places like hollow trees or caves to hibernate in, but they also find comfort in man made locations. It’s during the winter that most homeowners need to be aware of bat activity surrounding their homes. It’s not uncommon for bats to move into homes to stay warm, dry and secure during the winter months. They’re especially fond of places like attics, crawlspaces and unused chimneys. Bats are commonly thought of as carriers of rabies. While bats can get rabies the percentage of bats with the disease is less than one percent, so there is no reason to fear a bat more than other animals. However, it is recommended that bats found in houses or bats that come in contact with humans be taken to a local health department vet or police for rabies testing to rule out the presence of the disease. Signs of a bat infestation can include the smell of urine or feces (or guano) in strange places (usually near walls or fire places) or maybe even the physical presence of animal waste. Another, more obvious sign includes scratching and squeaking in the walls or ceiling. Occasionally bats may find their way into the inner sanctum of your household. There are many rights and wrongs to getting a bat out of the house First of all, it is important to know your foe and be aware of a bat’s abilities. When trapped indoors bats have the tendency to swoop back and forth through a room quickly. When this happens the best thing to do is to contain the bat in one room and open any doors or screenless windows leading to the outdoors. If this is possible simply stand back and wait for it to land or fly out the window. If you have some sort of net you could try catching it as it swoops by. Bats cannot take off from the ground, so they have to climb and take off from high places like walls or furniture, so when a bat is grounded you have the opportunity to catch the bat. This can be done in several ways. Regardless of how you catch a bat you must always be very careful to not touch the bat to prevent being bitten or scratched. Cornered bats can be quite vicious if provoked. You can use gloves, a thick towel or net to capture the bat. If you prefer not to use your hand you could use a box, can, or Tupperware container by trapping the bat and then sliding a piece of cardboard under it. Regardless of how you choose to approach a bat, it is always a good idea to at least wear thick gloves to avoid being bitten. Any bat suspected of having physical contact with a person should be captured and submitted for rabies testing. Your local health department, animal control office or veterinarian can help you submit the bat to a laboratory for rabies testing. If the bat tests negative, rabies treatment can be avoided. If a bat bites or has physical contact with a person, the wound or contact area should be washed immediately with soap and water. Unfortunately, bat bites and scratches are small and may go unnoticed. In certain situations it may be impossible to know if contact with a bat has occurred. These situations occur when a bat is found in the same room with a sleeping person, infant or young child, a person with a disease that reduces mental capacity, or persons under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Whenever a bat has physical contact with a person, or is suspected of coming in contact with a person, the bat should be captured and tested, if possible, and the incident should be reported immediately to a physician and local health authority to assess the need for rabies treatment. Bats are good for the environment and should not be feared but respected. Bats good for the environment and keep the mosquito population down preventing the spread of infectious diseases such as malaria and West-Nile Virus. Bats are often viewed in culture as evil

Fascinating Ants Essay -- Biology Biological Ant Ants Research Papers

Among the many hundreds of thousands of astonishing organisms with which we must share this earth, there is one seemingly ordinary group of specimens which fascinates many people beyond all others. There is nothing too extraordinary in the proportions or appearance of ants, but it is their history and culture that induces a second look. These insects are about as different from us mammals as two organisms can be, yet it appears that of all the known animals their way of life appears closest to our human way of life. The similarities in the ways in which we organize our lives are astounding. Ants are doubtlessly the most successful of all the social insects of the Hymenoptera, an order also including wasps and bees. The earliest known specimens are found entombed in the Scandinavian Baltic Amber samples which scientists date in upwards of 100 million years old (The Ant Colony Å’89). These primitive samples have evolved into the 5000 to 10000 species known today which vary amongst themselves as widely as the numbers suggest (Social Insects Å’68). These remarkably adaptive creatures are found in some form on all continents and all habitats but the extreme arctics. Their success is manifested in the claim that at any time there are at least 1 quadrillion living ants on earth(Groliers Å’93). All species of ants are social. They live in organized communities or colonies, which may contain anywhere from a few hundred to more than 20 million individuals. These are organized into a complex system which may contain two or more castes and sub castes which can be roughly organized into three groups. Queens, males and workers. The queen is much larger than the other ants, and has wings until mating. Her primary task is to lay eggs for the colony. Some colonies have one queen; others have up to 5000. Queens develop from fertilized ordinary eggs, nobody is exactly certain what causes these to develop into queens but it is generally thought that the process comes from an altered diet in the pupae and larvae stages and as a pheremone response, which will later be discussed. Queens have an extended life span of up to 25 years and can lay millions of eggs in that time (Ant Colony Å’89). Male ants are winged as well, their sole purpose is to mate with the queens. For this reason they are the shortest lived ants in the colony. Hatching in the .. ...ne species over another found in nature aside from we humans is the slave-making species. These raid other colonies and steal worker pupae that they enslave to carry out the work of their colonies. Some species, such as the ants of the Amazon are so specialized for capturing slaves that they can not forage for food or care for their young. Without slaves they quickly perish. Ants are often called the most fascinating insects of all. While they can be vastly destructive, stripping valuable trees bare in the tropics, and a general nuisance marching through kitchens and pantries they are extremely helpful to man as they help to clear the earth of pests like termites. Wood ants clear forests of millions of tree-destroying insects over a single summer. They have been here for approximately 53 million years, and 56 percent of genera represented among the extensive Baltic amber are living today, and show no sign of dying out soon. In our great pursuit of knowledge it is my hope that we can derive something of value from studying the culture and life-style of the hardest working organisms in the world. (With the exception, of course, of the Villanova biology teachers). Fascinating Ants Essay -- Biology Biological Ant Ants Research Papers Among the many hundreds of thousands of astonishing organisms with which we must share this earth, there is one seemingly ordinary group of specimens which fascinates many people beyond all others. There is nothing too extraordinary in the proportions or appearance of ants, but it is their history and culture that induces a second look. These insects are about as different from us mammals as two organisms can be, yet it appears that of all the known animals their way of life appears closest to our human way of life. The similarities in the ways in which we organize our lives are astounding. Ants are doubtlessly the most successful of all the social insects of the Hymenoptera, an order also including wasps and bees. The earliest known specimens are found entombed in the Scandinavian Baltic Amber samples which scientists date in upwards of 100 million years old (The Ant Colony Å’89). These primitive samples have evolved into the 5000 to 10000 species known today which vary amongst themselves as widely as the numbers suggest (Social Insects Å’68). These remarkably adaptive creatures are found in some form on all continents and all habitats but the extreme arctics. Their success is manifested in the claim that at any time there are at least 1 quadrillion living ants on earth(Groliers Å’93). All species of ants are social. They live in organized communities or colonies, which may contain anywhere from a few hundred to more than 20 million individuals. These are organized into a complex system which may contain two or more castes and sub castes which can be roughly organized into three groups. Queens, males and workers. The queen is much larger than the other ants, and has wings until mating. Her primary task is to lay eggs for the colony. Some colonies have one queen; others have up to 5000. Queens develop from fertilized ordinary eggs, nobody is exactly certain what causes these to develop into queens but it is generally thought that the process comes from an altered diet in the pupae and larvae stages and as a pheremone response, which will later be discussed. Queens have an extended life span of up to 25 years and can lay millions of eggs in that time (Ant Colony Å’89). Male ants are winged as well, their sole purpose is to mate with the queens. For this reason they are the shortest lived ants in the colony. Hatching in the .. ...ne species over another found in nature aside from we humans is the slave-making species. These raid other colonies and steal worker pupae that they enslave to carry out the work of their colonies. Some species, such as the ants of the Amazon are so specialized for capturing slaves that they can not forage for food or care for their young. Without slaves they quickly perish. Ants are often called the most fascinating insects of all. While they can be vastly destructive, stripping valuable trees bare in the tropics, and a general nuisance marching through kitchens and pantries they are extremely helpful to man as they help to clear the earth of pests like termites. Wood ants clear forests of millions of tree-destroying insects over a single summer. They have been here for approximately 53 million years, and 56 percent of genera represented among the extensive Baltic amber are living today, and show no sign of dying out soon. In our great pursuit of knowledge it is my hope that we can derive something of value from studying the culture and life-style of the hardest working organisms in the world. (With the exception, of course, of the Villanova biology teachers).

Profiling Foreign Students is Rational and Legitimate Essay -- Septemb

Profiling Foreign Students is Rational and Legitimate Sixty years ago, the United States placed Japanese-, German-, and Italian-Americans in internment camps. Our country has also excluded people of various nationalities simply because we didn't like "their kind." The government's scrutiny of Middle Eastern students in response to September 11 has thus evoked acute suspicions and fears that the Hollywood scenario in "The Siege" will become a reality. Others are concerned that even if internment is a remote possibility, the recent heightened attention toward a group of foreign students amounts to racial profiling. These fears are perfectly reasonable but, thankfully, unsupported by what has happened thus far. As much as Americans today insist on treating people as individuals, there are some regrettable circumstances in which grouping has legitimate purposes. The Supreme Court has recognized the necessity of grouping by subjecting "inherently suspect" classifications like race to a standard of "strict scrutiny," while letting classifications with a reasonable purpose pass with "intermediate scrutiny." Fundamentally, the Court asks whether there is a "rational basis" for a government policy that treats a particular group of people differently. In its recent treatment of foreign students, the government has demonstrated a "rational basis" for measures that group people to meet a pressing state interest while minimizing the violation to individuals' dignity. Without casting aspersions on the people and the culture of the region, we cannot deny that the Middle East is a hotbed of fanaticism. Thousands of militants have been indoctrinated by calls for the violent destruction of entire gr... ...ent has presumed no guilt for the students it has sought records on, and it has neither publicized their names nor allowed universities to notify them because doing so would unduly arouse unnecessary fears of persecution. Educating foreign students is an important instrument of American foreign policy. Foreign students act as dual ambassadors, fostering better understanding between the citizens of their countries of origin and those of the United States. They bring elements of their culture to America while taking elements of our culture home to their societies. However, we must remember that this enlightened policy is open to abuse. Recent government actions with regard to foreign students amount not to racial profiling, but rather to plugging the holes in the system so that we may continue this valuable cultural and educational exchange program.